Warehouse Performance Measurement

Question: Talk about theWarehouse Performance Measurement. Answer: Presentation The objective of undertaking distribution center execution estimation is to guarantee that there is full consumer loyalty and that the way of life of constant improvement is continued in a firm. Having set up a proactive culture in a specific firm, disclosure of likely issues before acceleration to significant issues will be figured it out. The idea of stockroom execution estimation is lined up with the objective of having appropriate staff preparing in the correct places inside a firm. In this current paper, Warehouse Performance estimation will be taken a gander at concerning estimation of specific measurements, for example, estimating unwavering quality (that is satisfaction exactness, satisfaction rates, and on-time conveyance) and estimating adaptability as far as customer base preparing lead time and request process duration. Foundation Information Generally, execution the executives has experienced a few patterns that have molded the manner in which individuals see it. New execution the board patterns are changing the elements in each association. The activities and procedures in each association are turning out to be less administrator substantial and furthermore significantly more effective. A few organizations are deciding to concentrate much on organization objectives rather than representative measurements. The more seasoned, information based methods of assessment have substantiated themselves inadequate. This archive traces a portion of the key execution estimations inclines over the globe. Methods of Improving Warehouse Performance Since the stockroom is consistently a bustling spot, the craft of dealing with the physical development of products for the providers of the firm into the stock and from the stock of the firm out to the customers requires appropriate arranging and coordination. The better the working of these exercises, the greater the main part of assignments and achievements can be acknowledged in every solitary day. The principal practice the firm should guarantee is to the board the request discharge process. This is finished by amplifying the greater part of requests that can be dispatched precisely every day. Contingent upon the highlights of the product the firm uses, the warehousing division needs to guarantee that it is capable of gathering the requests that can picked to determined qualities; a factor that would likewise improve the speed of the whole procedure. It is basic, as Aguinis (2009, p. 22) puts it, that the firm needs to broadly educate its staff for various sort of errands. This should be possible by imparting vital changes sought after to the stockroom. Dealing with Warehouse Inventory The advancement of stockroom execution can be said to have changed since the frontier time frame and improved after imperialism, the development of the centralization and decentralization of warehousing has made it simpler for the new age and the individuals who are happy to join warehousing as their calling to be better than anyone might have expected. It is presently certain that decentralized framework is probably the most ideal approaches to deal with the most different and topographically boundless tasks, however the procedure has remained the special case to the standard. For the distribution center framework to be proficient then it will require the help of the top most administration aptitudes to be applied, the administrators need the conviction that the stockroom execution the board is the most ideal approach to improve the way toward warehousing viability. To begin with, bringing together distribution center execution guarantees that providers can manage a focal associatio n and are bound to produce key organizations. Bringing together distribution center execution can prompt better costs through volume limits (Ponniah, 2001, p. 32). The concentrating part of distribution center execution is intended to increase and encourage the control activities that are set deliberately and grounded on procedures methodicallly featured in accomplishing certain errands that incorporate huge destinations just as the procedures appointing the accomplishment of the ideal goals. The complete concentrating stockroom execution audits increase significantly on the foreordained targets, encouraging the instrument received to accomplish meaningful operational impetuses towards the strategic vision of the association. The concentrating of stockroom execution is a huge concentrations as an administration apparatus structured in deliberately getting the ideal system through which the objectives are performed leveled out techniques and rules for the value of authoritative motivations (Ponniah, 2001, p. 30). Reeves (2009, p. 33) battled that the concentrating warehousing to be the example of choices which is incepted by the organization to give thorough rules just as impetuses to accomplish the ideal authoritative objectives and targets. The conflicts depict the epistemological and commonsense glitches joined to characterizing the distribution center execution the executives approaches helped in denoting the control methodology accomplishment and upgrading the firm rivalry just as filling in as a measure to finance the undersigned strategies. Distribution center execution gains by the persuading structures that will in general conceptualize on the arranging system plan in the arrangements of improving stockroom execution, that advances the coordinate unit of the association towards the ideal objective and goals. The significant distribution center execution centralization process is started through the arrangement of the authoritative points and building up the assessed methodologies on the genuine motivating forces for accomplishing them just as refining the systems into the activity plans. Steiner likewise underlines on the distribution center execution centralization as persistent administration estimates which prove depictions of concentrating warehousing model characterizing the normal, orderly methods oppressed in adjusting the dynamic activities (Karjalainen, 2003, p. 90). He distinguished three assorted distribution center centralization modes that incorporate versatile, innovative and arranging. As indicated by him, this specific distribution even at the time pointed towards a move that was to increase in the later years. A lot of feelings and convictions about how the association leads its day by day business and the aggregate chiefs understanding is viewed as a key to fruitful arr anging. These specific qualities may even override the worries for utilitarian divisions. Karjalainen (2003, p. 88) investigated the idea of incorporating distribution center execution and differentiated a supposed utilitarian methodology with the procedure approach. Karjalainen (2003, p. 90) even-mindedly characterized the part of unifying distribution center execution as an example of arranged and present asset sending since this was an early conjuring of aggregate arranging and furthermore asset based procedure. Asset arranging ought to be viewed as a major aspect of the concentrating stockroom execution for the fundamental explanation of containing enough assets of plan execution. Reeves (2009, p. 40) attested that the part of bringing together distribution center execution had flopped regardless of whether it had been actualized. The glorified and balanced connections that existed between vital reasoning, vital arranging, and procedure usage demonstrated only that it was simply perfect however not agent. Change in Warehouse Performance and Supply Function The formation of immaterial resources in an association can't prevail without the nearness of dynamic cooperation along with connected personalities of providers, clients, workers, and individual residents. The demonstration of changing data into information followed by the formation of significant worth from that information frames the establishment of upper hand. The magnificent ability intended to make an incentive from information depends vigorously on the current connections. As per an organizations distribution center execution arrangements, another methodology of overseeing connections is basic in a developing economy since it allows a firm to make esteem creation from their insignificant assets. Examination done by Moeller (2000, p. 50) exhibits that 65% of corporate worth is by and by tied up in insignificant assets like agent creativity and obligation, reputation, long haul associations and brand esteem. Connections are key since they supervise tricky assets including the m ix of others interest. Associations, all alone, can't make client constancy, solid gracefully chain connections, raised measures of advancement, or a positive reputation. Making these slippery assets requires the dynamic interest in the brains of customers, agents, providers, and individual inhabitants. Changing information into learning, and after that making an incentive from that information is the establishment of successful upper hand. The ability to make an incentive from data depends on upon associations. Distribution center Performance/Supply Chain Strategies For any warehousing firm, in any case, flexibly chain connections stay an unfamiliar resource, and on occasion even a hazard. For better acknowledgment of objectives, the administration ought to put away uncommon vitality and cash related resources in endeavor to control the lead of accessories, and when agreement terms are not met, attempting to remediate the issue and resolve inevitable conflicts. Regulating provider chain connections in this 21st significantly forceful, tempestuous economy requires essentially unmistakable organization and the executives. To make upper hand and worth expansion, from flexibly chain associations, each firm managing in warehousing exercises should grasp another accommodating, esteem based approach to manage organization. In the present age, flexibly chain connections are based on trust-based agreements understood that are arranged dependent on the different changing chances and requests. As a general guideline, gracefully chain switches ought to be utilized for warehousing capacities since they are intended to offer real advantages for both the provider and purchaser. The concerned division work force ought to improve the innovator

The Assessment of the Nigerian Forest Elephant Group on Omo Forest Reserve in Ogun State, Nigeria. free essay sample

Appraisal OF THE NIGERIAN FOREST ELEPHANT PROTECTION GROUP ACTIVITIES IN OMO FOREST RESERVE, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA. BY BINUYO, F. E. MATRIC NO: 991262 A PRE-DATA SEMINAR PAPER SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES, OLABISI ONABANJO UNIVERSITY, YEWA CAMPUS, AYETORO, OGUN STATE, NIGERIA IN PARTIAL Fulfillment OF THE REQUIREMENT OF THE AWARD OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND RURAL SOCIOLOGY AUGUST 2011. Section ONE 1. 1Introduction The 1901 timberland announcement in Nigeria that specified that a tree must be planted instead of any tree evacuated was an endeavor by the specialists of an opportunity to direct log misuse and present woods assets the board. Overall the need to control logging exercises to forestall less than ideal timber shortfalls became basic that a woodland mandate to set up timberland saves was set up in 1908. By 1930, around 97,000 ha of woods holds had been built up and by 1970 backwoods saves had expanded to 9,342,000 ha. At present the all out zone of backwoods saves in Nigeria is around 10,762,702 ha (Omoluabi et al. , 1991). In the primary portion of the only remaining century, Nigeria encountered a fast development of logging exercises with huge backwoods concessions allowed. During this period, timberland the executives exercises comprised to a great extent of concession review joined by assortment of charges and foundation of woods estates on a trial premise. In any case, much exertion went into recognizing the methods f improving development and recovery of financial species through a framework known as Tropical Shelter wood System (TSS) which involved cutting the climbers and harming of the contending bothersome species. This was intended to have in any event 25 merchantable trees for each ha at gathering. The framework, which was rehearsed alongside advancement planting, where suitable, was discovered broken and accordingly surrendered in light of the fact that it gave space for quick climber re-development after the shelter had been opened. During the most recent five decades, pressure on backwoods assets kept on expanding, principally because of quick populace development, indistinct residency frameworks, dependence on woods assets for country economy and provincial business, and means cultivating. Basically, woodland assets in Nigeria keep on waning because of clearing for broad agribusiness and moving development, broad business logging and fuel wood social event to meet the family unit vitality prerequisites. All these human exercises have strikingly influenced Nigerias essential woodlands as far as structure, land zone and landforms. In this way, the ebb and flow vegetation spread which a few researchers, up to this point, accepted to be of three significant sorts tropical rainforest, tropical deciduous backwoods and tropical dry forest can be extensively portrayed into mangrove and freshwater swamp woodland, marsh downpour timberland, determined savanna timberland and unadulterated savanna (Guinea, Sudan and Sahel). Because of the human exercises distinguished above and, maybe, the combined impacts of characteristic marvels, practically all the backwoods have been upset and in this manner diminished to optional woodlands. A portion of these optional backwoods may look develop to a normal eye and considered as essential woodlands. Just around 130,446 ha of the timberlands can be viewed as essential woodlands in Nigeria (Odu and Dun, 1999; Karim, 1999). They have not been upset in view of the trouble to get to them attributable to poor landscape. The taungya framework turned into an arrangement of decision as it apparently was a progressively powerful type of assurance. Mono-social direct planting on clear-felled place that is known for vigorously corrupted post extraction backwoods is currently normal. Toward the start of the twentieth century, the Nigerian government in relationship with the Colonial Government and timber extraction processors enrolled a few Forest Reserves with the point of dealing with the backwoods to support a flexibly of wood in ceaselessness. The Omo Forest Reserve was enrolled in 1916 with the objective to create sawn timber on reasonable yield premise. In 1946, the Nigerian Forest Department built up in a portion of her Forest Reserves alleged Inviolate Plots â€Å"to save run of the mill bits of Nigerian Forest in an immaculate state for posterity†. The Inviolate Plot in Omo Forest was built up in 1949 and has a zone of. 6 km2. Since 1954, these territories have been assigned Strict Natural Reserves (SNR’s) by the Federal Department of Forest Research(now Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria ) as per the 1939 London Convention on the Preservation of the African Flora and Fauna. Exacting Natural Reserves are made to ensure agent tests of ch aracteristic biological systems for safeguarding of biodiversity and natural procedures, for logical examination, ecological observing, and training and for the upkeep of hereditary assets in unique and transformative states. During these periods, definitely from 1925, the Omo Forest was advanced with assortments of both widely varied vegetation including Loxondonta Africana Cyclotis and a few types of trees. During the 1980s just as mid 90s the timberland has been messed with by the inundation of a few occupants in tree felling, poarching, for example, Hausas, Igbo and furthermore the Ghanaians (NFEPG); this is the thing that truly made the NFEPG to mediate to the intolerable circumstance in the Omo Forest Reserve The Nigeria Forest Elephant Group is a NGO that was enlisted from 1991 as a Nigerian Incorporated Trust, under nr. 466, from 1993 a UK enlisted Charity Company, nr. 1025459. From the year 1991, the NFEG was conceded consent by the Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources in Ogun State to work for review purposes inside the 650 square kilometers of the Omo Forest Reserve (OFR), not utilized for estate reason, and to set up a base camp. (Ogunsami, 1991). In the year 1992, the Ogun State govern ment allotted, neighboring the Strict Inviolate (4. 6 km2) Biosphere Reserve, 142 km2 for the proposed Biosphere Extension Area (BEA), where chasing, angling and tree felling is limited, and requested that the NFEG differentiate the region. odeseye, 1993). The Nigeria Forest Elephant Group otherwise called the Nigerian Forest Elephant and natural life Survey and Protection Group is a non-legislative association which was completely settled in 1992 after the enlistment by a British couple, Chief and Mrs. John Thornton who were long-lasting occupants to Nigeria and who needed to research the nearness of the Forest Elephant (Loxodonta Africana Cyclotis) in the Omo Forest Reserve of Ogun State, Nigeria. (NCF, 2001). The destinations of the NFEPG are: †¢to deductively research the current condition and future possibilities of the Omo Forest, its vegetation and auna and the requirements of its occupants. †¢to produce to the Ogun State Government a far reaching proposition for gu aranteeing the practical turn of events and use of its assets. †¢the scattering of its species assorted variety and †¢the spread of information and comprehension of its place and significance in Nigeria’s more extensive biological system. 1. 2Problem Statement In Nigeria, characteristic assets preservation and woodland improvement and the board are to a great extent the duty of the Federal and State Governments. While the Federal Government handles National Forest Policy, and Act definition, enactment and marking of settlements on International Agreements on Conservation and Regulations with institutional systems, the state governments remain the caretakers of their backwoods assets. Hence, state governments have plentiful opportunity to collect their common assets. (but minerals) and they utilize that open door maximally in acquiring expanded income from the woods and untamed life assets in their states. NFE, 1997) However, insufficient considerations and rare assets are directed to preservation, insurance and maintainable administration of greenery in such woodland homes from which most extreme income is created. The outcomes of this unseemly disposition to nature and woodland financing are not restricted to net exhaustion of normal timberland assets, they additionally incorporate inability to draw in or energize non-legislative associations in financing protection and backwoods improvemen t programs. (Weeks, 1997). Initially, the Southern Forest Zone of Nigeria was evidently secured with between 360, 000 and 421, 0002 km2 of swamp downpour woods and in 1940, a lot of this despite everything existed. (Weeks, 1997). Be that as it may, following 38 years, in 1977, this woods type was decreased to just 10%, found as disconnected fixes in purported ‘Forest Reserves’ and in some Sacred Grooves ( typically little), Allen and Shinde, 1977. It was assumed then that before the year 2010 the downpour timberland, with all its (endemic) species, will have completely vanished in Nigeria (Omo Forest Reserve comprehensive). The inhabitants’ exercises have surprisingly influenced Nigerias essential timberlands regarding structure, land zone and landforms. Hence, the momentum vegetation spread which a few researchers, until now, accepted to be of three significant sorts tropical rainforest, tropical deciduous backwoods and tropical dry forest can be extensively depicted into mangrove and freshwater swamp woods, marsh downpour timberland, determined savanna woodland and unadulterated savanna (Guinea, Sudan and Sahel). Because of the human exercises distinguished above and, maybe, the total impacts of regular marvels, practically all the woods have been upset and therefore decreased to auxiliary woodlands. A portion of these optional woods may look develop to a normal eye and considered as essential backwoods. Just around 130,446 ha of the woodlands can be viewed as essential backwoods in Nigeria (Odu and Dun, 1999; Karim, 1999). They have not been upset in light of the trouble to get to them attributable to poor landscape. Weeks, 1997). During the most recent five decades, pressure on woods assets kept on expanding, principally as a res

November

November Im on the train home to Philadelphia. Currently: four women run my lifeSZA, Solange Knowles, Sappho, my mother. Schoolwork saturated the first two weeks of November, and then last week was suddenly too free. Now its Thanksgiving break. Next week will be absurdly busy, and I am not looking forward to it. A few things that happened in November: I spent a day giving math problems to seventh-grade girls. A friend from high school visited me. I boarded a plane to New York, spent a day interviewing there, and then almost missed my flight back to Boston. I grew restless and finished two books. I grew restless and bought two more. I spent way too much time with my head buried in booksfrigid weather, 4:30 PM sunset1, overlong reading list; it was bound to happen. Here are some snippets from the past month. (Ive kind of been following my own schedule and not doing many student-life related things because of the time constraints imposed by the rest of my life. Welp.) Sappho At some point in the semester, it occurred to me that I owe a lot to ancient Greece, to Pythagoras and Euclid and Zeno and Ptolemy. They are people who made math fundamental and rigorous. I imagined Id read some classical philosophy this semester. Instead, I am reading a 2007 book2 that tells me to distrust Platonic forms and simplified models. I am reading Sappho3 instead of Socrates. So much for philosophy. books/making time to read/coping with life I read a lot before coming to MIT but stopped during my freshman year, mostly because I was trying to throw myself into being A Well-Adjusted College Student. I was doing standard freshman things and standard rebellious thingsmaking friends, baking spontaneously, going sledding, walking around Boston aimlessly with friends, dying my hair pink, dancing at parties, disowning parts of my previous self. It was a lot of fun, but in April I started to miss all the dimensions of my personality Id thrown out in order to follow new friends around. I felt, in addition, that we were constantly doing things to be sensational. It was a lot of fun, but we were not really getting to know each other. I spent my freshman spring unhappily, largely by my own doing. I felt disconnected from student life. I spent too much time completing perfect schoolwork. The social dynamics of my living group stressed me out, and I was unhappy that I read only textbooks and wrote only proofs. So I spent the summer running around Hong Kong and slowly getting back into the swing of reading and writing. I came back to MIT refreshed. I moved to a more diverse place. And I made a commitment with one of my friendseach week, we meet for an hour and do nothing but read. Usually we end up staying for much longer than an hour. In a similar way, I committed to working out: gym, twice a week, with a friend. This is, apparently, the most effective way for me to get things doneby making commitments with other people. Its much easier for me to justify skipping a workout when all thats at stake is my long-term health (clearly not that important), but when you add a friend whos at the gym waiting for mewell, I cant just not show up, can I? I love my friends. Where would I be without them? As a side effect, spending this much time with people one-on-one has led to much stronger relationships. My grades have dropped this semester; my schoolwork is no longer perfect. I am not really doing badly in classesI am just not doing as well as before. But I am also so happy, though prioritizing my happiness often makes me uncomfortable. Heres what my best friend, Jenn, said about this at one particularly desperate point: . She puts it so well. Where would I be without Jenn? SZA/Solange Spending time with books means spending time with music. My playlist for the month includes some sad songs at the periphery of RB. It sounds almost like a breakup playlist, which is apt because November has indeed been a breakup with good weather and good grades. None of these songs have anything to do with MIT; theyre just to set a mood. Listen if youd like. playlist My mother keeps texting me emojis. I cant wait to see her. gratitude Every Thanksgiving, I go through the motions of expressing gratitude for my friends and family, but this year, I think I finally understand what it really means to be thankful. I apologize if that sounds cheesy or ungrateful or plain dumbI just feel more than ever as though I am being propped up by the people around me in some tangible way. I finally opened my life up to tumult, and I realized, over and over, that I could rely on my friends and family to help me when I struggled. Im thankful for them. I am also thankful for this blog. Thank you if you have sent me emails. Thank you if you havent but are still here reading. Thank you, world, for being so good to me these past few months. :) 1 I always pledge my allegiance to the northeast U.S., but I wonder if the chapped skin and the static electricity and low spirits of winter are really worth the quaintness and the pace of life and all the other enjoyable aspects of life here. 2 The Black Swan by Nassim Nicholas Taleb 3 If Not, Wintertranslated by Anne Carson, who writes some delicious poetry herself, if youre into that kind of thing. As for Sapphoonly fragments of her work survive. Whats most impressive to me is that her poetry remains poignant and intense even when half the words have been lost to the elements, even without musical accompaniment from the lyre.

Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Essay - 1296 Words

Civil Liberties (And how they differ from civil rights) If the fires of freedom and civil liberties burn low in other lands, they must be made brighter in our own. If in other lands the press and books and literature of all kinds are censored, we must redouble our efforts here to keep them free. If in other lands the eternal truths of the past are threatened by intolerance, we must provide a safe place for their perpetuation. Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1938 (Isaacs 66) Freedom of speech, freedom of religion, the right to be free from unreasonable searches of your home, the right to a fair trial, the right to marry, and the right to vote are all examples of Civil Liberties that every American is guaranteed under the Bill of†¦show more content†¦Civil liberties are basic freedoms granted to individuals in the Bill of Rights. Individual freedom can survive only under a system of law by which both the supreme and the governed are bound. Such a system of fundamental laws, Civil rights are constitutional guarantees, which mean they are granted to individuals with the body of the Constitution in the form of amendments. Many civil rights were granted after the Constitution was written, but civil liberties were included in the Constitution since their adoption in the Bill of Rights in 1791. One of the main reasons that the Puritans sailed to America to was to escape religious persecution. They were actually being physically beaten because of their religious beliefs. America began with a government based on religious beliefs. It developed into a government, which condemned those who did not believe in the Puritan beliefs. For example, one had to believe in the Puritan religion and attend church to vote and become a member of the Puritan society. This practice further developed into a situation in which you were beaten or killed if you did not believe in the Puritan religion, the exact reasons they had originally fled from England. It took a group of men to deduce what liberties were guaranteed and which were not, to avoid mistakes made by puritans and others in history. Men like Thomas Jefferson, who argued that the sole purpose of government was to protect our individual rights. TheShow MoreRelatedCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1081 Words   |  5 Pages1 McGahey 3 Megan McGahey Sherry Sharifian GOVT 2305 71430 20 September 2017 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights In the U.S. most use the terms Civil Liberties and Civil Rights interchangeably; although they both protect the freedom of citizens they do this in different ways. 2 Civil Liberties are limitations placed on the government. These are things the government is restricted to do, by the constitution. Things that could interfere with personal freedom. 3 For example, the 1st amendment says thatRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1083 Words   |  5 Pages2017 1 Civil Liberties vs. Civil Rights 2 Civil Liberties are basic rights and freedoms that we are guaranteed by the government. You can find them in the Bill of Rights and in the Constitution. Civil liberties are liberties that we as Americans feel safe to interpret on the daily basis. 3 Some civil liberties include, the right 4 for free speech, the right to privacy, the right to remain silent in a police interrogation, the right to be free from unreasonable searches of your home, the right to aRead MoreCivil Rights And Civil Liberties1025 Words   |  5 PagesProfessor Sharifian Government 2305 September 28th, 2017. 1 Civil rights vs Civil liberties 1. 2 Define Civil Liberties; then define Civil Rights. How are they similar? How do they differ? Which civil sequence has more influence on your life as you know it to be now? Why do you believe this to be so? Civil rights and civil of liberties have regularly been the discussion of different locales throughout the years. In the achievement of social liberties and freedoms, laws and statutory arrangements have mustRead MoreCivil Liberties Vs Civil Rights1134 Words   |  5 Pages2017 SLO 1 Civil Liberties vs Civil Rights Democracy in simple sense is understood as rule of people. As said by Abraham Lincoln,† democracy is government of the people, by the people, for the people†. In democracy all the power is seized by the people but, still we find many cases in different parts of the world that the political leaders and government officials and their families having more rights and power as compared to regular people. The violation of civil liberty and civil rights by the governmentRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1149 Words   |  5 PagesWhat Role Does Our Civil Liberty and Rights Play In Our Government System? Have you ever put some thought into how our Civil Liberties and Civil Rights work in our system or even attempt to figure out what they are? Our government system comprises Civil Liberties and Rights that are similar in ways and different in others, but one of them can have the most influence on your life. 1 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights are rights that we have as Americans. Civil Liberties are basic rights and freedoms thatRead MoreCivil Rights And Civil Liberties1157 Words   |  5 PagesSharifian 01 Oct. 2017 Civil rights and civil liberties Every citizen of the country is bounded and benefited with the freedom of Civil rights and Civil liberty. Civil right is the right of the citizen to be equally and fairly treated by the government, written in the 14th Amendment. Civil right moment was mainly focused only on the slaved, African American people. Then civil liberties firstly, not only protected the rights of African American people, it also included the right of gay, lesbian and femaleRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1500 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment One: Civil Liberties v. Civil Rights Linsey (Lins) Morgan - Student ID: 3104067 GOVT - 2305 - 71063 Northlake College Had I been born a mere 60 years earlier, I would likely be in jail. Before discussing the U.S. Supreme Court decision which has preserved my freedom, I would like to examine the nature of civil rights and civil liberties. Next, we will look at some of the historical context which would have found me jailed. Lastly, we will conclude by looking at the impact of the U.S. SupremeRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights1318 Words   |  6 Pageschanges in order to protect the rights of U.S. citizens. Moreover, these changes have occurred by much insistence and court cases from the people. Out of these changes, civil rights and civil liberties have erupted in order to protect the lives of citizens even more. Who we are as citizens of the United States can be characterized by the concept of civil rights and civil liberties, the idea that the constitution protects the major rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights, marginalized groups, the secondRead MoreCivil Liberties And The Civil Rights 902 Words   |  4 Pagescountry. This is where our civil sequences: Liberties and Rights, keep our country intact. 1 Both Civil Liberties and Rights are granted and defined in the Constitution. We must continue enforcing our civil sequences to maintain order for ourselves, our states, our government, and our nation. Civil Liberties focus on our basic freedoms as Americans and Civil Rights are concerned with rights regarding the treatment of an individual. 2 Definitely a Civil Liberty is ‘the basic right to be free from unequalRead MoreCivil Liberties And Civil Rights960 Words   |  4 Pagesvoting are very important aspects of shaping the government. Without certain civil rights being granted by the government, these important rights of expression and suffrage would not exist. There is a difference between civil liberties and civil rights in relation to the government. Civil liberties refer to an individual’s unalienable freedoms that cannot be taken away by political intervention. On the other hand, civil rights are provided by the government in order to promote equality. This ideology

Gandhi and the Journey of Independence - 2191 Words

Intorduction In History, we have always learned about heroes, leaders, and people who made accomplishments that in a way have changed the world. We live for what others have done. Any courageous step taken by an individual in order to achieve a goal, a belief, and seek for a right, comes only from a person with leadership, huge spirit, and greatness. We have always looked back at leaders in our history that have made life easier for us. For that, I would like to write about an extraordinary personality that has achieved a big, difficult step for the good of Indians. Mohandas Gandhi is considered for many people the man of the century. This poor man has done what powerful political rulers couldn’t do. The Mahatma had fought and joined many†¦show more content†¦He dedicated himself to plan for the self rule. He asked all Indians to resist the British rule and to fight nonviolently as other Indians did in South Africa. He first motivated Indians to form and join nonviolent protests a nd strikes. â€Å"Prisons began to fill with thousands of men and women who refused to co-operate with the British government. They refused to pay unfair taxes and refused to work in government jobs. They were beaten and thrown into horrible jails. Sometimes they were killed.† (Schaaf, 2000) Later, Gandhi himself was imprisoned. The Amritsar Massacre After he was released, he declared a new Satyagraha. As thousands of followers started their disobedience, the British stated the Rowlatt Acts against the revolutionaries. He thought that such a demonstration would lead into a positive solution, but it led into huge massacres and fights with the British soldiers. As Indians resisted against the Act, the British soldiers were ordered to shoot on the rebellions, which led to the Amritsar Massacre, â€Å"The killing of 379 Indians (and wounding of 1,200) in Amritsar, at the site of a Sikh religious shrine in the Punjab in 1919.† (Tiscali.com, 2006) Second campaign against British Following this disaster, Gandhi started a huge non-cooperation with the British government by boycotting the British goods, as well as the English language. He taught Indians to make their own clothes instead of buying the British ones, leading to theShow MoreRelatedGandhi and the Journey of Independence2184 Words   |  9 Pagespersonality that has achieved a big, difficult step for the good of Indians. Mohandas Gandhi is considered for many people the man of the century. This poor man has done what powerful political rulers couldn’t do. The Mahatma had fought and joined many Indians against the British Rule. Not giving up for years, he succeeded in gaining independence. This Essay will talk about Gandhi’s journey of leadership and Independence. It will first briefly talk about his youth and education, and then it will discussRead MoreGandhi Heros Journey Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesMahatma Gandhi once said, â€Å"You must be the change you wish to see in the worl d†. This shows that Gandhi believed in peaceful change. Gandhi was well known in India by many people. People were inspired by his ways and would stand by him in peaceful protesting. A lot of people believed in Gandhi as a hero. Just as well, Percy Jackson from the Lightning Thief is a known hero for stopping world WWIII between the gods. Both Gandhi and Percy Jackson follow the path of the hero s journey because they reRead MoreHero Comparison Essay: Odysseus vs Gandhi1619 Words   |  7 Pagesof heroes, epic heroes and modern heroes. Odysseus, one of the most famous epic heroes ever, will be compared to Mahatma Gandhi, a modern day hero, to see if there really is a large gap separating the two types. However, one thing is certain, modern heroes can be identical to epic heroes if they are larger than life, embody the ideals of their culture, embark on a perilous journey, and possess super-human, prominent characteristics. Epic heroes are always larger than life; however, modern day heroesRead MoreGandhi s Effect On The Independence Of India1713 Words   |  7 PagesOn March 12, 1930 Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, more widely known as Mahatma Gandhi, began his famous salt march to the sea. Gandhi’s salt march was an act of civil disobedience, or satyagraha, which loosely means â€Å"truth-force†, against the rule of the British government over India at the time. This march was Gandhi’s way of fighting rejecting the tax that the British government had put on salt for the Indian people. Gandhi’s act of marching to the sea to produce salt sparked motions and revolutionsRead MoreResearch Paper On Mahatma Gandhi792 Words   |  4 Pages Mahatma Gandhi Intro: Mahatma Gandhi was the primary leader of India’s Independence movement, He was the person who thought about India, and gave all the rights that India deserved, when the great britain took over India. Mahatma Gandhi was born on the 2nd of october, 1869, in a village called porbandar, gujarat, India. Mahatma Gandhi had an early life struggle, he had a south african journey, he created a salt march, he did all of this just for India’s Independence. Mahatma Gandhi’s real nameRead MoreProfile Of A Positive Leader1124 Words   |  5 PagesProfile of a Positive Leader – Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, addressed as ‘Bapu’ or ‘the father of the nation’ in India, was born on 2nd October 1869 in Porbandar district, in the state of Gujarat. He is known to be one of the most influential leaders in the history. As a child, Gandhi was very curious and intelligent. As a result, he was accepted to study at the University College London where he successfully completed his degree in law and became a barrister. He then returned to IndiaRead MoreGandhi : A Leader Of India s Movement1186 Words   |  5 PagesMohandas Gandhi was born in Porbandar, the present-day state of Gujarat in India, in the year 1869. He was raised by his father and his exceedingly religious mother who worshipped the Hindu god Vishnu and was influenced by Jainism, a religion that practiced self-discipline and nonviolence. Gandhi grew up exercising these same religions and followed Jainism to the point where he fasted and meditated regularly, practiced nonviolence, and was a vegetarian. These values that he grew up with becameRead MoreMahatma Gandhi : A Of A Privileged Caste1315 Words   |  6 PagesMohandas, better known as Mahatma Gandhi was born into a privileged caste in Pordandar, Gujarat, India. He was raised into a non-violent branch of Hinduism from his Mother’s side. Throughout his childhood he stayed true to his beliefs and religious rules, including avoiding things like meat and wine. Gandhi led a selfless, altruistic life, and through these powerful moral principles, he helped lead India to full independence in 1947. Growing up, Mohandas was the only one of the four children inRead MoreIndian Independence1255 Words   |  6 Pages22, 2010 Indian Independence India, in the 18th century was ruled by the British for two centuries. The Indians wanted freedom from the British. British looted and caused fights in India and treated them with no respect. The Indian Independence was caused by British Imperialism. The British wanted to take over India, but India wanted freedom as well since it’s their country not the British. Although politics and nationalism were important causes of the Indian Independence Movement, the mostRead MoreMahatma Gandhi and The Salt March Essays1427 Words   |  6 PagesIn an effort to help free India from the British rule, Mahatma Gandhi once again contributed to a protest against salt taxes, known as the Salt March. This protest advocated Gandhi’s theory of satyagraha or nonviolent disobedience as the nation came together on March 12, 1930 to walk the 241 miles long journey to the shores of Dandi to attain salt. Although some Indians criticized Gandhi for not achieving direct independence from the R aj or British rule, Gandhi’s execution of the Salt March helped

Egamova transfigered night Free Essays

The time of first World War, a young enthusiastic man enlists as a volunteer gunner in the artillery as he has reached an impasse and sees war as a remedy. In a bar he comes across his fellow soldier, a surgeon lieutenant for whom war is an impasse, as he is trying to avoid sober realization of detrimental consequences of his civic duty by getting drunk. A lot of problems can be observed in the passage, but the most evident and tricking one is the irretrievable effect the brutality and gore of the war produces on human psychic, which comes as a quite contradictory fact since the narrator presumes that the war saved his life. We will write a custom essay sample on Egamova transfigered night or any similar topic only for you Order Now To provide a profound feeling of that horrible days routine life the author inflates his text with parallel constructions, simple sentences and abundant use of lexical units representing negative connotation; these are (morbid despair, impasse, ferocious concentration, detest, etc. ) so it becomes clear that a war is by no means a remedy which the narrator was so desperately trying to find. What is more, when analyzing George’s discourse a reader realizes the ambiguous nature of a war as his character is quite dual – despite all the redundancy of negative description of his appearance (ill-looking, ugly, fairly drunk, hunched over) and the absolute hopelessness in his talk (l want to go somewhere cold and dark, God preserve me from sanity) George still possessed of sinners energy which indicates to the fact that he has something background to fight or and that gives him this very kind of energy to overcome all the harsher, brutality and intoxication of that odious war. In the light of all this, any reader must not be influenced only by the superficial sense of the text, but go deeper to reveal the genuine authors message, inasmuch as any war is not merely a succession of human dying but also a glorious ground of evoking patriotism and marvelous bases for tear-jerking love stories. How to cite Egamova transfigered night, Papers

Truman Show Essays - Entertainment, Comedy, English-language Films

Truman Show Manipulation and delusion are at the heart of the movie The Truman Show. Carefully crafted, this movie portrays television and its producers as producing a fake environment with a real person designed to appeal to the American masses. The smooth packaging lulls the audience into being in on the joke, but perhaps the joke is on the audience to even sit through the almost two hours of bland entertainment. In fact, the story of Truman Burbank is small town boring, taking place on Seahaven, a diminutive island. Truman believes that he is an insurance broker with a loving wife, Meryl, a nice suburban home, and a best friend. Slowly through a series of unusual events, Truman becomes aware that this quiet, tame life is a fraud. Everyone on the island is not true not his wife, friend, mother, and the father he thought dead- all are actors playing a role performing as told by the producers. Ironically, it is the malfunction of another media form, the radio, which helps clue him in to the fact that his every move is being broadcast. The media corporation promoting The Truman Show and Cristof, the TV producer, are shown focused on the job to create entertainment for the mass market, even if seeing the dull life of Truman is their definition of entertainment. Does filming a real life make for exciting viewing? Generally, no, although one has only to remember the millions of views fascinated by the sight of O.J. Simpson in a white Bronco traveling down Los Angeles freeways, to realize that there are some moments in real life where the public is interested in seeing the moment to moment happenings. Certainly, television is capable of being able to bring that immediacy into the viewers space. But most viewers are interested in excitement in their entertainment, which translates into the format and content of the news as well as direct entertainment. It is difficult to imagine that television viewers would have watched Truman grow up over almost three decades when even the most engrossing soap can not sustain a third of that time period. Perhaps there is a message here about the content of television. Much of what appears daily on television is boring. Every season, television producers try to sort through what programs will capture the audience once they define who that audience is. The Truman Story television audience is presumed stupid for being engrossed in the everyday life of an everyday person perhaps the subtle question is Truman representing them? (Or us?) Why is Christof, the producer of this empty story, considered brilliant for reflecting this vacuum of television programming? Christof is the epitome of the concept of television media executives selling products to an audience, and securing directly, or indirectly as in The Truman Show (where product promotion arises from the use of products by the residents of Seahaven), commercial sponsors to pay for the air time. Christof manipulates all of the components of Trumans life, and the movie audience feels that they too are being manipulated into a sense of compassion for the sadness of the sameness and falsehood of Trumans life. If there is a positive note about this movie, it is that the Jim Carreys performance as Truman is good. We, the audience, find ourselves part of this interplay of media mediums, and there is a feeling of boredom are we the problem? But Carrey is not the problem. He is a professional actor who tries to create comedy in what is a sad story on many fronts. Carrey becomes Truman; it is we the audience who should walk out on ourselves.

5th Symphony in E minor, Tchaikovsky Essay Example

5th Symphony in E minor, Tchaikovsky Essay Example 5th Symphony in E minor, Tchaikovsky Essay 5th Symphony in E minor, Tchaikovsky Essay My Experience with the SIS Orchestra Concert 3: Tchaikovsky On the 28th April 2011 1 participated with the Iowa state orchestra on the last performance for the year. The orchestra included works by Tchaikovsky. The orchestra performed the 5th Symphony in E minor. This piece is in sonata form, which has a theme that is heard throughout the piece. The overall trajectory of the Tchaikovsky 5th reminds the listeners to Beethovens 5th symphony as they were both during the times of war and it is illustrated in both symphonies. This piece is a reflect example of a Romantic-era symphony colorful, complex and above all, passionately emotional. The symphony has four movements which consist of a fast, slow, dance and another fast movement. The theme of this piece is heard throughout this piece. The first movement is the Andante- Allegro con anima begins with a lengthy slow introduction, entering darkly with a funeral character on the clarinet. In sonata form the subject enters gently with the repetitive brevity of a Russian dance, building in intensity. The development section is quite short and concentrated with the recapitulation necking in, in the bassoons. The coda recedes into the deeps, presaging the mood of the next movement. Following the first movement is the Andante cantabile which has a tender, expressive melody played by the French horn that sounds almost like a love song. But then the original theme suddenly and rudely interrupts the reverie, as though we were able to break away from our troubles for a short time, this theme is a reminder that we are still in war and that darkness is still upon us. This movement is in a standard ternary form with the A section in D major and the B section in F# then a restatement of A section with different orchestration. Leper K. 12 The third movement called the Vales: Allegro moderate begins like a graceful, pastoral waltz. Once again, it feels as if our hero has escaped from fates cruel clutches. This time, the illusion of safety lasts for nearly the entire movement, creeping into the coda the known criminal, the main theme, sneakily imitating the Id ©e Fixed in the Ball movement of the Symphony Fantasies as if it was hiding in the bushes all along. The movement ends hurriedly, before the motto can do any damage. The return of the motto theme in the 3rd movement preceded by a waltz in major key, strikes the listener as a reminiscent of the tragic opening of the symphony. Movement was probably the most challenging movement to play as the id ©e fixed is almost taking over and the whole orchestra is playing loud and the violins are going crazy almost delusional. In this movement Tchaikovsky transposes the fate or id ©e fixed theme from the dusky, moody key of E minor to the bright sunshine of E major, and the transformed melody blossoms into a triumphant march. Its as if Tchaikovsky is telling us that humans cannot ignore or escape from their fate, but they can overcome their circumstances and transform them into something brighter and better. This is one orchestra work that illustrates abilities color in all the instruments and also has the biggest horn solo in orchestral horn repertoire. Overall the orchestra did a wonderful Job with this work. Dry Harrison says It was the kind of performance we musicians want and crave for every concert, but we all know that it doesnt always happen that way.

Fraud Definition and Examples

Fraud Definition and Examples Fraud is a broad legal term referring to  dishonest acts that intentionally use deception to illegally deprive another person or entity of money, property, or legal rights. Unlike the crime of theft, which involves the taking of something of value through force or stealth, fraud relies on the use of intentional misrepresentation of fact to accomplish the taking. Fraud: Key Takeaways Fraud is the intentional use of false or misleading information in an attempt to illegally deprive another person or entity of money, property, or legal rights.In order to constitute fraud, the party making the false statement must know or believe that it is untrue or incorrect and intended to deceive the other party.Fraud may be prosecuted as both a criminal and civil offense.Criminal punishments for fraud can include a combination of prison, fines, and restitution to victims. In proven cases of fraud, the perpetrator- a person who carries out a harmful, illegal, or immoral act- may be found to have committed either a  criminal offense  or a  civil wrong. In committing fraud, perpetrators may be seeking either monetary or non-monetary assets by deliberately making false statements. For example, knowingly lying about one’s age to obtain a drivers license, criminal history to get a job, or income to get a loan may be fraudulent acts. A fraudulent act should not be confused with a â€Å"hoax,†- a deliberate deception or false statement made without any intention of gain or of materially damaging another person. Perpetrators of criminal fraud may be punished by fines and/or imprisonment. Victims of civil fraud may file lawsuits against the perpetrator seeking monetary compensation. To win a lawsuit claiming civil fraud, the victim must have suffered actual damages. In other words, the fraud must have been successful. Criminal fraud, on the other hand, can be prosecuted even if the fraud failed. In addition, a single fraudulent act may be prosecuted as both a criminal and civil offense. Thus, a person convicted of fraud in criminal court may also be sued in civil court by the victim or victims. Fraud is an extremely serious legal matter. Persons who believe they have been the victim of fraud, or have been accused of committing fraud, should always seek the expertise of a qualified attorney. The Necessary Elements of Fraud While the specifics of laws against fraud vary from state to state and at the federal government level, there are five essential elements necessary  to prove in court that a crime of fraud has been committed: A misrepresentation of a material fact:  A false statement involving a material and pertinent fact must be made. The gravity of the false statement should be adequate to substantially affect the victim’s decisions and actions. For example, the false statement contributes to a person’s decision to purchase a product or approve a loan.Knowledge of falsehood:  The party making the false statement must know or believe that it is untrue or incorrect.Intent to deceive:  The false statement must have been made expressly with the intent of deceiving and influencing the victim.Reasonable reliance by the victim:  The level to which the victim relies on the false statement must be reasonable in the eyes of the court. Reliance on rhetorical, outrageous, or clearly impossible statements or claims may not amount to â€Å"reasonable† reliance. However, persons known to be illiterate, incompetent, or otherwise mentally diminished may be awarded civil damages if the perpe trator knowingly took advantage of their condition. Actual loss or injury suffered:  The victim suffered some actual loss as a direct result his or her dependence on the false statement. Statements of Opinion vs. Outright Lies Not all false statements are legally fraudulent. Statements of opinion or belief, since they are not statements of fact, may not constitute fraud. For example, a salesman’s statement, â€Å"Madam, this is the best television set on the market today,† while possibly untrue, is an unsubstantiated statement of opinion rather than fact, which a â€Å"reasonable† shopper might be expected to disregard as mere sales  hyperbole. Common Types of Fraud Fraud comes in many forms from many sources. Popularly known as â€Å"scams,† fraudulent offers may be made personally or arrive through regular mail, email,  text messages,  telemarketing, and the internet. One of the most common types of fraud include is  check fraud, the use of paper checks to commit fraud.   One of the main goals of check fraud is  identity theft- the gathering and use of personal financial information for illegal purposes. From the front of every check written, the identity thief can get the victim’s: name; address; phone number; bank name; bank routing number; bank account number; and signature. In addition, the store may add more personal information, such as date of birth and driver’s license number. This is why identity theft prevention experts recommend against using paper checks whenever possible. Common varieties of check fraud include: Check Theft:  stealing checks for fraudulent purposes.Check Forgery:  signing a check using the actual drawer’s signature without their authorization or endorsing a check not payable to the endorser, both usually done using stolen checks. Counterfeit checks are considered the equivalent of forged checks.Check Kiting:  writing a check with the intent of accessing funds that have not yet been deposited in the checking account. Also referred to as â€Å"floating† a check, kiting is the misuse of checks as a form of unauthorized credit.Paper Hanging:  writing checks on accounts that are known by the perpetrator to have been closed.Check Washing:  chemically erasing the signature or other handwritten details from checks in order to allow them to be rewritten.Check Counterfeiting: illegally printing checks using information from the victim’s account. According to the  U.S. Federal Reserve, American consumers and businesses wrote 17.3 billion paper checks in 2015, four times the number written in all of the  countries of the European Union  combined that year. Despite the trend toward debit, credit, and electronic payment methods, paper checks remain the most often-used way of making large payments for expenses like rent and payroll. Clearly, there is still plenty of opportunity and temptation to commit check fraud. Federal Fraud Through the  United States Attorneys, the  federal government  prosecutes and punishes various types of fraud specifically identified under federal statutes. While the following list includes the most common of these, there is a wide range of federal, as well as state, fraud crimes. Mail Fraud and Wire Fraud:  using regular mail, or any form of wired communications technology, including telephones and the internet as part of any fraudulent scheme. Mail and wire fraud are often added as charges filed in other related crimes. For example, since the mail or telephone are typically used in attempting to arrange bribes of judges or other government officials, federal prosecutors may add charges of wire or mail fraud in addition to charges of bribery and corruption. Similarly, wire or mail fraud charges are often applied in prosecution of  racketeering and RICO Act  violations.Tax Fraud:  takes place whenever a taxpayer attempts to avoid or evade paying federal income taxes. Examples of tax fraud include knowingly underreporting taxable income, overestimating business deductions, and simply not filing a tax return.Stock and Securities Fraud:  typically involves the selling of stocks, commodities, and other securities through deceptive practices. Examples of securities fraud include  Ponzi or pyramid schemes, broker embezzlement, and foreign currency fraud. The fraud usually occurs when stockbrokers or investment banks convince people to make investments based on false or exaggerated information, or on â€Å"insider  trading† information not available to the public. Medicare and Medicaid Fraud:  usually takes place when hospitals, healthcare companies, or individual healthcare providers try to collect illegitimate repayments from the government by over-billing for services, or by performing unnecessary tests or medical procedures. Penalties for Fraud Potential penalties for conviction of federal fraud typically involve prison or  probation, stiff fines, and repayment of fraudulently-acquired gains. Prison sentences can range from 6 months to 30 years for each separate violation. Fines for federal fraud can be very large. Convictions for  mail or wire fraud can bring fines of up to $250,000 for each violation. Frauds that harm large groups of victims or involve large sums of money can result in fines of tens of millions of dollars or more. For example, in July 2012, drug maker Glaxo-Smith-Kline pleaded guilty to falsely branding its drug Paxil as being effective in treating depression in patients under age 18. As part of its settlement, Glaxo agreed to pay $3 billion to the government in one of  the largest health-care fraud settlements in U.S. history. Recognizing Fraud in Time The warning signs of fraud vary according to the type being attempted. For example, telemarketing calls from unknown callers telling you to â€Å"send money now† in order to take advantage of a special offer or claim a prize may be frauds. Similarly, random request or demands for a Social Security or bank account number, mother’s maiden name, or a list of known addresses are often signs of identity theft. In general, most offers from companies or individuals that sound â€Å"too good to be true† are signs of fraud. Sources Legal Dictionary: fraud.  Law.com.Basic Legal Concepts / Fraud.  Journal of AccountancyFraud- Burden of Proof: Washington Civil Jury Instructions.† Westlaw

Are Kids Over Medicated Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Are Kids Over Medicated - Essay Example Additionally, poor health choices lead to obesity, high blood pressure, heart conditions, diabetes, and psychological conditions between the ages of 4 and 19 years (Warner 128). Consequently, doctors find it easier to offer medication instead of lasting solutions like a healthy diet, exercise, and regional medical checkups. Many parents find it affordable to treat conditions using medications and prevent adapting to healthy choices to improve overall health condition of their children. Thus, over reliance on over the counter drugs and laziness to adopt healthy lifestyle lead to overmedication of kids. Many people believe that there is a drug to cure every problem. Many parents find this as a relief, and choose to medicate to prevent their children from suffering. You shall find many homesteads have all manner of painkillers, energy boosters, and antidepressant for their kids. The immune system becomes weaker by the day due to constant reliance on medication. Once the body becomes weaker, it requires additional medication to make the immune system stronger to enable the body resume normal functioning. This creates a cycle of medication in the life of a young adult. Children often suffer from behavioral conditions such as moodiness, insomnia, anger erratic episodes, and low appetite among others, but instead of seeking psychological help, parents go for over the counter medicines to relieve these conditions. Accordingly, pharmaceutical companies stepped in to create pills that cure these conditions, yet these are common problems that kids encounter especially during teen years, and thus, do not require medication. According to recent health reports, many pharmaceutical companies are reaping high rewards for manufacturing children’s medications (Elizabeth 8). For instance, antipsychotics medication treats intellectual disability, hyperactive disorder, and disruptive behavior disorder. These same

EU institutional law and policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

EU institutional law and policy - Essay Example 10 new countries that acceded to the European Union in 2004 (Hungary, Poland, the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania, and the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Cyprus), all intend to join third stage of the EMU in the next ten years, though their precise timing depends on various economic factors. Similarly, those countries who are currently negotiating for entry will also take the euro as their currency in the years following their accession. Prior to adopting the euro, a member state has to have its currency in the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM II) for two years. Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Slovenia and Slovakia are the current participants in the exchange rate mechanism"(Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union, en.wikipedia.org, referred on 06.05.2006)1 The main objective of the euro is to maintain price stability within the European Union, and at the same time support EU general economic policies, such as the principle of an open market economy, with free competition. "Within fiscal policy, the euro area countries must manage public finances so as to guarantee a sustainable growth, as envisaged in the EU Treaty. A Stability and Growth Pact was adopted, through which all Member States acknowledged the need of a sound fiscal policy for the smooth functioning of the EMU. The Pact comprises three legally binding elements: A resolution passed by the European Council that lays down a firm commitment of its Member States, Commission and the Council to implement the Stability and Growth Pact. A Council regulation that calls for the strengthening of the surveillance of all budgetary positions and co-ordination of economic policies. The key features of these programmes are the specification of national medium- term budgetary targets set close to balance or in surplus. This allows countries to pursue anti-cyclical fiscal policies without breaching the 3% reference value of the deficit. The Stability and Growth Pact is a Council regulation on speeding up and clarifying the implementation of the excessive deficit procedure. If there are no exceptional circumstances and the deficit is considered excessive, the Council will immediately issue a recommendation to the Member State concerned. A maximum of four months is then allowed for the country to take effective action to correct the situation. If the Council considers that the measures are not effective, the next step of the procedure will be engaged" (Stability and Growth Pact, www.bportugal.pt, referred on 06.05.2006)2 As trade between the EU Member States mounted, the member states found EMU as the natural complement of the single

Analysis of the market position of Ikea

Analysis of the market position of Ikea Introduction Every industry tries to use an unparalleled, efficient, and effective business strategy that will allow them to remain at a progressive position in the competitive market, especially in the global market. With respect to this, the aim of this report is to present a position analysis for the furniture company IKEA. The position analysis will apply a pestle analysis, capabilities analysis, resource based view analysis, swot analysis and porters five forces along with IKEAs strategic issues and solutions to these issues. Company Overview IKEA was established in Sweden over 50 years ago back in 1943. Its founder Ingvar Kamprad still plays an important role in the company affairs today. IKEA is certainly one of the top furniture retailers in the world. Its core aspects are affordably, functionality and quality. Since their commencement, IKEA has persistently developed as a company throughout the years and are currently seen as a distinguished successful worldwide business entity in the furniture industry today. In 2010, IKEA opened 12 new stores in 7 countries which presently give them an overall record of 318 stores in over 38 countries. IKEA has certainly met their strategic goals by executing diverse strategic marketing tools that has made them the success that they are. Methodology IKEAs SWOT Analysis In this report, the analysis of the present situation of IKEA will be carried out by using different marketing tools.  With this, IKEA will be examined via the use of SWOT Analysis. The basis of external and internal analysis is to construe factors that can affect the said business to situate itself to take advantage of opportunities, and manage threats discovered via an analysis of external environments. Particularly, it also aids in spotting present weaknesses and strengths that may affect the organizations capabilities. Strengths (Internal factors) A strong worldwide brand that attracts key consumer groups. A Clear Vision to create a better everyday life for many people A strong concept. IKEA offers a wide range of well-designed products at a price, everyone can afford. Good product image. IKEA has an ideal balance between function, quality, design and price Weaknesses (Internal factors) Large global business. This makes quality control difficult to control and it signifies a weak link in the chain of supply. The necessity of low cost products. Although products are at a low price, consumers still need to feel that they are getting value for their money. Cultural differences. diversified markets Japan, China and the USA Restricted manufacturing  capabilities. IKEA relies on subcontracted manufacturers. Opportunities (External factors) An increased demand for low cost merchandise. Due to trends in the present financial state of the global economy, consumers opt for less expensive goods rather than shopping at expensive stores. The rapidly emergent Asian countries with wealthy middle-class population represent opportunities to enter and market the concept of affordable modern furniture to fit a particular lifestyle. Opportunity to enhance levels of customer service through E- Commerce as the added business capability. Threats (External factors) Social trends decelerate amount of first time buyers coming into the housing market. Market forces more competitors entering the low price household and furnishings markets. Imitated Concept -Within growing competitive retail markets mainstream retailers are beginning to mirror the model Economic factors the global financial crisis reduced disposable income and customer spending. We can see this from the table below. IKEAs turnover was the same in 2009 as it was in 2008. Source: www.ikea.com (2010) Porters Five Forces Market Entry Seeing that IKEA has such a unique concept and brand name it will be difficult to copy the IKEA way. However, another furniture company can enter the furniture industry with a low- cost strategy inclusive of home delivery, opposing to IKEA non-home delivery method. IKEAs stores are not very much located in small towns with small outlets so this is an opportunity for new competitors to enter small towns with another low cost strategy with smaller outlets. This may attract a new sector of consumers. Supplier Power According to IKEAs welcome inside yearly summary , IKEA had 1,074 suppliers in 55 countries in 2010 Most of the suppliers operate in the IKEA group and compete with other suppliers, and they have a modest bargaining power. Because of low pricing, IKEAs profit margin also affects the prices in raw materials than by prices in labour. The bargaining power of a supplier could be a threat for the profit of the company, and both IKEA is very much aware of it.   In light of this IKEA endeavours to maintain good relationships with its suppliers, in this IKEA ensure that the IKEA group benefits in the said contract while suppliers benefit from the mutual agreement. Competitive Rivalry IKEA is comfortable with its competitive position, and also trying to maintain its competitive edge among rivals. IKEA operates in a extremely competitive industry, characterized by other low priced furniture producers such as Galiform of England and retailers such as Wal-Mart of the United States. Internally, the group has seen differences of opinion regarding product offerings and positioning. Because of powerful global competition, IKEA has intelligently attempted to compete by entering the markets which typically pose the largest competition, such as China and Japan. power of the buyers Americans-the primary consumer base for IKEAs debut in the American Market. The most likely IKEA shopper are those sort of people who travel abroad, like taking risks, enjoy fine food and wine, have a frequent flier plan, and are early adopters of trendy consumer technologies such as Discmans, laptops, and cell phones (Lyne, 2009). IKEAs management ensures that their customers will be satisfied in all ways with the quality of service that they supply. Particularly, the company has focused their marketing approach on the demands and needs of the buyer for household furniture as well as food service sources that satisfies them, and heavily positioned their products in this segment. Threats of substitutes There is no particular furniture substitute however IKEA has to keep up with the latest trends and advances so that their quality furniture does not go out of style and become irrelevant. Wal-mart, Target, Office Depot and other low-cost suppliers are indirect competitors in the fact they do offer low-priced furniture that consumers pull together themselves. Conversely, these indirect substitutes vary in detail because these are general retailers instead of being a specific retailer as IKEA is a retailer of household furniture. PESTEL Analysis Political As part of the national or global trends and changes, IKEA is just one example of firms that are successful in both domestic and international business . The Swedish furniture retailer has found the Scandinavian style of furniture that was combined with do-it-youself flat packaging became popular and set a global cult brand . Economic The Company, due to the economic changes and trends are adopting different kind of strategies that will take an appeal on their customers and aiming to own the customer loyalty . Economically, IKEA is low cost. This is a big piece of breaking into the American market. IKEA had to focus and advertising campaign directed specifically to thwart Americans unwillingness to part with their styling of furniture. Social The IKEA contributed much in the society as they provide opportunities in people and the employees are entitled in different benefits such as insurance and pensions ( 2005). Moreover, the company promises to provide more high quality furniture that sticks to their original concept stylish furniture at low prices. Technological IKEA uses superior technology and systems to encourage shorter waiting times, accurate scheduling, tracking and trading patterns, and staffing. The system made the IKEA in a position to ensure the right number of staff in a right place and in a right time to match the unique trading pattern s at each stores of IKEA. The company view in optimizing everything from the supply chain is also optimizing and managing the workforce to create an efficient store environment and keep customers happy . Environmental Concerning the environmental factors such as the air, noise, and water, inspections are put in place to ensure the company provides remedial actions within a stipulated time. The environmental inspection consists of legal documents and environmental authorities as the business operations are continuing. Legal The legal compliance of IKEA is sternly implemented with pertinent laws and regulations that affect to the environment, social and working conditions. The company also scheduled the most demanding requirements to be specific in maintaining the list of laws and regulations and with the procedures. Analyzing IKEAs Capability Based on the given synopsis of the IKEA Company it is recognized that IKEA exerts a strategic approach in order to maintain their competitive edge in the furniture industry. The management of the company is able to identify the priorities of the business and make decisions in line with the strategic direction, by placing considerations of the business and its stakeholders. IKEA is competent as it focuses on the significance of both internal and external customers to guarantee that these customers remain satisfied and loyal.   The company also ensures that they motivate, coach, guide, and support their staff to realise the mission of the IKEA. Additionally, IKEAs capability to identify its suppliers is another factor that maintains the companys competitive advantage. The ability of management to differentiate and diversify their business strategy to dominate the global market can also be considered as major capabilities of IKEA Resource Based View Analysis IKEA selects the most feasible position when it comes to delivery of items. Their warehouse is smartly located with different sectors to have greater control of activities. This strategy analyses the deployment of resources, processing time and queue times for various actions. IKEAs staff is rotated in order to complete customers orders from each picking area. Resources are simulated at higher levels and are applied and detailed in applicable working schedules. Stakeholders Analysis Other than what is already known about IKEA, it is observed that besides the management of the business, IKEAs customers play an important role in the accomplishment of the organizational goals. The management skills and capabilities of the pioneers of the company have propelled IKEA into being a powerful entity in the furniture industry today. Furthermore, the loyalty of its customers has also greatly assisted IKEA in maintaining its competitive edge. Customers and workforce entities go hand in hand, as IKEAs employees are the ones who work effortlessly ensuring that the company satisfies the demands of its customers. Therefore, when customers are satisfied, as they get value for their money with IKEA, they will remain loyal and hence build IKEAs value chain. The suppliers and stakeholder s can be considered an additional factor that made IKEA the success they are at present. IKEAs Strategic Issues and Challenges Competition The IKEAs furniture competitors offers different styles and functionality. Conrin targets a new low cost in terms of furniture line; Cratel Barrel offers a furniture in a box which is subject in higher prices; Ethan Allen aimed at a more upscale market; Wal-Mart is equipped in a big box furniture that is categorized under the general store must-have-items, but dont have much of a style. IKEA is the most successful in delivering the complete package for the customers that reflects on weak rivalries.   Natural Resources IKEA is the biggest furnishing company world wide, so it needs al lot of wood. This implicates, that there are confrontations with nature protecting organisations. The IKEA Concept The IKEA concept is easy to take up. Companies like Bush Industries in the USA have taken over the concept of cheap furniture, but they adopted their products to the American habits. Reaching Limited Customers The fundamental problem which IKEA is currently facing is that they are only reaching a limited amount of customers due to their few store locations. Event that founder retires or dies Major challenge to keep the core values alive especially when the company becomes larger and more diverse and the founder retires from the business. Catalogue Distribution IKEA want to increase the return on investment for the catalogue distribution, which is a substantial investment, and remain ahead of the competition in terms of business strategy Solutions to IKEAs constraints Catalouge IKEA needs to make sure than they distribute their catalogues who can be potential IKEA customers in terms of where they are located and ther demographic attributes. IKEA can also sell its catalogue at a low price to help generate some revenue as its catalogue is its biggest marketing mechanism. Low price The company must ensure that it is always known for having the lowest prices on the market in the future. Communication plays an important role here. IKEA must main its low cost leadership by using the low cost leadership strategy. Market forces IKEA is large enough to enjoy economies of scale. This lowers average costs in the end through, for instance, better use of technology or outsoucing specialized managers. Economies of scale also gives a business a competitive edge if cost savings are then passed on to customers in the form of lower prices. This puts up high barriers to entry for smaller companies entering the market. Communications. IKEA needs to maintain communication with its consumers and other stakeholders about its environmental actions. Store Locations. IKEA needs to strategically place its outlets where it has never been before. IKEA usually has large outlets in large cities. However, a tactical approach will be to launch smaller outlets in smaller towns. This will attract a new sector of customers hence increasing IKEAs profitably in the furniture industry. A new organizational structure will be necessary because of moving the organization from a global perspective towards a transnational perspective. Where the global organization is designed as to increase production efficiencies using global economies of scale and scope concepts, the transnational organization combines efficiency, local responsiveness and organizational learning. In order to assist the transition process towards such an organization, the IKEA group has to drastically transform its approach on the function of its subsidiaries. At present, IKEAs subsidiaries are barely no more than expansions of the business head office in Sweden. The responsibility of the subsidiaries is not to sway parent company strategies, but moderately follow instructions from home country Sweden. High localization pressures emerging due to demographic and cultural differences will compel subsidiaries to take strategic initiatives to act in response to local market requirements. The new organization would be easier to follow and pass on more accountability to subsidiaries. The centralized research and development department would have form strategic in-house networks with these subsidiaries and, in a mutual approach, develop products that are adopted to match country level requirements. Strategic corporate direction has to be maintained, since there is a need to safeguard its market niche. The changes projected in the organizational structure will have promising impacts on the company culture, which is currently founded on the IKEA concept or the IKEA way. A reduced amount of management from Sweden will trigger the incursion of new principles, values, and measures into the IKEA way. This will boost the intricacy of the operational culture, but will improve decision-making based on a spot on international dimension. CONCLUSION To conclude, with this position analysis, appropriate evaluation has been considered using different marketing tools, which lead to the determination of the present position of the IKEA Company.   This analysis has revealed which parts of the IKEA business entity that requires development and altering in order to maintain the competitive edge. The IKEA strategy is unique but it works, as IKEA is a leader in the global market. IKEA places its focus on further profit creation and growth and development. It can be said that based on the given case, IKEA strategy is something which is different but effective to achieve their goal of dominating the global market. Giving value to their stakeholders is one of the vital approaches that the company had used. In addition, their ability to innovate and diversify their products has also been identified as part of the strategy of IKEA. In addition, because of the competitive situation of the company, there is a strong barrier to entry for a new household furniture as well as food market that would compete with IKEA.   As the company is competing in both local and large-scale market environment, IKEAs feasibility is to achieve more customers from altered areas of the world and to provide each customers quality and resourceful household furniture products and will satisfy their needs while enjoying reasonable and reasonable prices.   The company is looking forward to give the customers more from what they are expecting via technological innovations.  In addition, the strategy of the company also includes their ability to adapt to the changing needs and demands of their target market even in different parts of the world. IKEA is in a favourable position to carryon operations in the years ahead. Bibliography De Wit, Bob and Meyer, Ron (2005) Strategy Synthesis. Second edition. London: Thomson Learning. Print ISBN 1 86152 965 1. Johnson, Gerry; Scholes, Kevan; and Whittington, Richard (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy. 7th edition. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. Print ISBN 0 273 68734 4. Available through Voyager (UH LIS main catalogue) as an electronic resource. Mintzberg, Henry; Ahlstrand, Bruce; and Lampel, Joseph (1998) Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. Print ISBN 0 273 65636 8. Porter, Michael E (1979) How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review, March/ April, Volume 57, Issue 2. Available through UH LIS electronic journals (Business Source Complete). IKEA Sustainability Report for Fiscal Year 2009 and Fiscal Year 2010. Welcome Inside

The Reason of Marshall Plan

In June 5th, 1947, Marshall declared a famous speech in Harvard University. The idea of providing economic aid to the all Europe came on the scene. Between 1948 and the end of 1951, United States channeled $12. 3 billion aid to Western Europe including grants, loans and in-kind transfer. The effects of Marshall Plan are all-encompassing, for example, contributing to the cold war, helping the recovery of European economy and European integration. Someone called in question about its necessity, someone embraced it as the saver of the world.It is wondered what is the deep reason that pushed America to launch the plan. Though many scholars have written about this topic, this paper will call for reassessment of the existing literature based on recent findings, new methodologies. This essay will specifically argue that the main reasons of the launch of Marshall Plan are the threats of communism and the interweaving interest’s network of America and Europe. In the first part, it will display the urgency of 1947 European crisis. In the next part, it will focus on the threats from the communism and inferred with the Truman doctrine declared before.Next, it will analyze the short-term and long-term interests that America could gain from the plan. After the World War II, the Europe showed a sign of fast recovery at the beginning, and soon faced with increasingly worsening situation. Within several months after the war, through large scale reconstruction of the infrastructure, the industry recovered quickly. People were drowned in the prospect of peace and happiness of a fresh start. However, the limits on the raw material and lack of the energy supply constrained the recovery soon.Further worse, during the winter of 1947, because of the heavy snow, roads, bridges, rail links, and water ways were impassible, hindering the obtaining of raw material and transportation of the products. The thawing snows also flooded coal mines, making the production of steel fell backw ard significantly. The summer of same year, was called the hottest and driest since records began, and the drought reduced supplies of hydroelectric power. Disillusionment of hopes and desperation hung over people’s hearts. The European crisis of 1947 was more than the misfortune of natural disaster.The disappearance of Germany from the economy is a deeper reason beneath the desperation. During pre-war period, Germany was the main market of European economy. By 1939, the Germany held 38% of Greece exports and one third imports. During pre-war period, the German Ruhr area exported large amounts of coal to France used for the production of steel. Substitute for Germany, America became the main exporting country to Europe. However, another problem came, the dollar crisis. Most European countries imported large amounts of food, coal and raw materials from America, but they have nothing to sell back.France carried $2049 million of payment deficit for buying coal from America annua lly. The heavy national debts carried by the country brought about the inflation and eroded the confidence of currency. Marshall said in his radio speech: ‘the patient is sinking while the doctors deliberate. So I believe that action cannot await compromise through exhaustion. New issues arise daily. Whatever action is possible to meet these pressing problems must be taken without delay. ’ Marshall claimed that the severe of crisis of Europe and the disagreement between two blocks pushed Marshall or the America to make such choice.Though the plan was initially directed to both eastern and western European countries, it is argued that Marshall knew the refusal of Soviet Union in advance, because soviet had been always against any activity of Germany industry construction and stressed the importance of reparation. Hitchcock argued in his article that the primary trigger of the Marshall Plan was ‘the failure of American policy in occupied Germany’ and the ambi tion of the European recovery developed later. In addition to the economic crisis, the political situation was especially not going well for America.The initial hope for fast recovery was downgraded into the desperation of living. The situation of capitalism was between the beetle and the block . The failure of post-war government turned out to provide a good opportunity for communists. Especially students and working class valued the communism as the only party that could bring a totally different world, create a classless society. As Kenan wrote in his memoir, ‘the pall of fear hanging over Europe in 1947 was preparing the continent to fall, like a ripe fruit, into Stalin’s hands. ’America used the plan as an economic barrier to soviet expansion. As said in a CIA report in April, 1947, ‘The greatest danger to the security of united states is the possibility of economic collapse in western Europe and the consequence accession to power of communist element. ‘ Looking back the Europe in 1957, there are guessing that at best, the Europe would be in decades of poverty and struggle; at worst, Europe will collapse back into civil war, fascism and communism. Truman doctrine is released before the Marshall plan and closely related to the plan.In 1947, March, President Truman told the US congress ‘to help free peoples to maintain in their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundation of international peace and hence the security of the united states. ’ The Truman doctrine was declared as a proposal to provide economic and military aid to Greece and Turkey for fighting against local communists, or as he named, ‘totalitarianism’.Compared with Truman doctrine, Marshall Plan focused more on the economic aid and the recovery of Europe. However, there is still similar intention between these two plans. If the Truman doctrine is the explicit counterattack to the soviet expansion, the Marshall plan is the implicit one. The short-term interests of the plan, which were not so vital to America, however, were worth to mention. It has claimed by Americans that the primary intention of the plan is good-will for the recovery of Europe and soviet expansion urged them to establish the plan as soon as possible.However, there were also suspicions that the act of America was just self-serving and America was using Europe as an outlet for their goods. What is more, in some areas, the aid plan was not welcomed. It will be argued here that the short-term interests of the plan could be nearly negligible when compared with other reasons. The products were given for free from America and what American people can directly gain profits from is that all goods were distributed through American shi ps and were uploaded by the American dock man. The interweaving interests of America and Europe are prime reason behind the aunch of Marshall Plan. The sink of Europe or the sovietization of Europe did more than harm to America and like domino effects, it will threat the whole America’s safety. The primary concern for the plan is the safety and long-term development of the United States. Between the end of war and the announcement of the plan, there already were loan plans from America to Europe. As additional conditions of the loan, the United States demanded Britain to give up the exchange control and make British currency fully convertible. Similarly, America asked France to abandon the protectionism and allow freer imports and exports.Though these plans failed at last, the intention of America was obvious, contributing to freer international trade, more stable currency exchange and wider international cooperation. The Marshall plan is claimed different from all the previo us plans. First, the choice of whether to take it and how to use it is in the hands of Europe, and the role America played was just advisory. Second, the plan is a long-term strategic program, with the help of European recovery program. Third, the money attached to the plan is enormous, more than any previous United States oversea aid combined.If measured by GDP, the money cost 5% of American GDP, equal to 201 billion dollars in 2004. If measured with the value of dollars, the money is worth 100 billion dollars in 2004. Fourth, the plan is a larger European-scale plan, involved many countries into the plan simultaneously. Nevertheless, compared to the past plans, the declaration of the Marshall plan is another form or another positive trial of the same intention. Opinions of whether to declare the Marshall plan was initially divided within the United States.However, new dealers in most post-war administration favored the plan and viewed it as ‘an opportunity to reconstruct Eur ope in America’s image’. The program of ‘productivity mission’, funded by the Marshall plan, was to bring technical Europeans to learn the American way of economy and business. New dealers in America expected these managers and technicians could take the atmosphere of free trade and business cooperation back to Europe. Underlying the aim of Americanization of Europe, the pursuit of restoring long-term trade partner is more essential reason.A CIA director Allen Dulles said: ‘the plan supposes that we desire to help restore a Europe which can and will compete with us in the world markets and for that very reason will be able to buy substantial amounts of our products. ’ the establishment of closer ties for America with Europe could facilitate future business and political communication, and the decrease in distinction and gap could decrease the possibility of quarrel and war. In conclusion, the declining European economy led to the increasing at traction of communism.Faced with the sinking Europe and aggressive Soviet Union, the American government was pushed to launch the Marshall plan. Aligned with Truman doctrine, it is a diplomatic strategy of America to suppress the expansion of Soviet Union and maintain the common interests of Europe and America. Attached with the plan, there are also American blueprint for a prosperous international trade and cooperation within the western bloc without the interference from Soviet Union. The threats of communism are the main direct external factor that makes the plan available through the congress.The desire for a trade-free Europe and the presumably impossible negotiation with Soviet Union are the main reasons that make the plan come into being. The potential benefits of advancing America-Europe relationships and shaping a freer trade atmosphere are ambitious goals of the new dealers and the plan proves to have subtle but far-reaching influence on the integration of Europe. Word cou nt: 1879 Bibliography Calbraith John, 1998. ‘Interview with prof. J k. Galbraith, 28/11/95’ 12 November 2012 Debouzy Marianne . 1998. ‘ interview with Madame Marianne Debouzy’ 11 November 2012 Eichengreen B. et al. , â€Å"The Marshall Plan: Economic Effects and Implications for Eastern Europe and the Former USSR†, in Economic Policy, 7, (1992) pp. 13-75 online available from [18th October 2012] Ellwood, David W. â€Å"The Impact of the Marshall Plan,† History 74 (October 1989) pp. 427–36. Hitchcock, W.I, ’The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’ in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1 (2010) pp. 154-174. Hogan Michael J. The Marshall Plan America, Britain, and the Reconstruction of Western Europe, 1947-1952 (New York: 1987) Judit, T. , ‘The rehabilitation of Europe’ in Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York, 2006) pp. 63-99. Milward, A. S. (1989) â€Å"Was the Marshall Plan Necessary ? † In Diplomatic History, pp. 231–252. Online available from [25th October 2012]Parrish S. D. â€Å"The turn toward confrontation: the soviet reaction to the Marshall plan, 1947† in cold war international history project working papers series ,9 (1994) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Barry Eichengreen, et al. , â€Å" The Marshall plan: economic effects and implications for Eastern Europe and the former USSR†, in Economic Policy, 7:14 (1992), pp. 16-18 [ 2 ]. Quoted inWilliam Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1:8 (2010),p. 156 [ 3 ]. Ibid. , p. 157 [ 4 ]. Ibid. , p. 155 [ 5 ].Tony Judt, â€Å"The rehabilitation of Europe†, in Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945 (New York,2006), p. 91. [ 6 ]. Ibid. , p. 95. [ 7 ]. Quoted inWilliam Hitchcock, ‘The Marshall Plan and the creation of the West’, in The Cambridge History of the Cold War, 1:8 (2010),p. 156. [ 8 ]. Calbraith John, 1998. ‘Interview with prof. J k. Galbraith, 28/11/95’ 12 November 2012 [ 9 ]. Debouzy Marianne . 1998. ‘ interview with Madame Marianne Debouzy’ 11 November 2012 [ 10 ]. Tony Judt, â€Å"The rehabilitation of Europe† , p. 91. [ 11 ]. Ibid. , p. 93. [ 12 ]. Quoted in Tony Judt, ‘The rehabilitation of Europe’, p. 94.

Victimology and Policing in Criminal Justice Administration Free Essay Example, 2000 words

While the role of the police involves law enforcement and crime prevention, there is a broad range of other administration and service duties including traffic and environmental tasks, conflict resolution, crime prevention and resolution, and aid in times of crisis. Certainly, law enforces a deal with every abnormal occurrence in the community. Since Banton (1964) and Bittner s (1967) observations, a variety of North American and British empirical investigations have demonstrated that somewhat modest police time is used upon real criminal cases (Hoyle, 1998). Most empirical studies have been encouraged by the idea that police practice commonly moves away from legal norms and from an aspiration to remove the discrepancy between theoretical law and actual law (Gaines, 2007). The literature has demonstrated that the police usually under-implement the law by using their judgment not to arrest. This use of discretion has mainly been elaborated in relation to police working character and informal police practice (Buzawa Buzawa, 2002). Feminist scholars took hold of the findings of general research on policing concerning the discretion used by rank and file law enforcers to clarify the small number of arrests in cases of domestic violence (Buzawa Buzawa, 2002). We will write a custom essay sample on Victimology and Policing in Criminal Justice Administration or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/page As argued by Hawkins (1992), discretion is unavoidable due to the fact that the realization of policy into action entails the involvement and decisions of individuals.