Tetralogy of Fallot Essay Example

Tetralogy of Fallot Essay Tetralogy of Fallot is defined as a rare condition caused by the combination of four heart defects that are present at birth. These defects, which affect the structure of the heart, and cause poor blood flow out of the heart and into the rest of the body. The infants and children which have tetralogy of Fallot usually have a blue-tinged skin (cyanosis) because their blood is poorly oxygenated. Tetralogy of Fallot is often diagnosed during infancy or soon after. The symptoms vary depending on the extent of obstruction of blood flow out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. Signs and symptoms may include; cyanosis, shortness of breath, fainting, clubbing of fingers and toes, poor weight gain, tiring easily during play, irritability, prolonged crying and a heart murmur. Tetralogy of Fallot occurs during fetal growth when the baby’s heart is beginning to develop. Factors such as poor maternal nutrition, viral illness or genetic disorders may increase the risk of this condition, but in most cases the cause is unknown. The four abnormalities which make up tetralogy of Fallot include: Pulmonary valve stenosis, Ventricular septal defect, Overriding aorta, and Right ventricular hypertrophy. Pulmonary valve stenosis is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve, which is the main blood vessel leading to the lungs. Ventricular sepatl defect is a hole in the wall which separates the right and left ventricles of the heart. The hole allows deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to flow into the left ventricle mixing with oxygenated blood and vice versa. We will write a custom essay sample on Tetralogy of Fallot specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Tetralogy of Fallot specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Tetralogy of Fallot specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Overriding aorta , this is when the aorta is shifted to the right and lies directly above the ventricular septal defect. The last defect is Right ventricular hypertrophy, this is when the heart’s pumping action is overworked and is causes the muscular wall of the right ventricle to enlarge and thicken. This could eventually cause the heart to stiffen, weaken and eventually fail. The prognosis for children born with tetralogy of Fallot has improved vastly over the years. Most people born with tetralogy of Fallot have heart surgery during childhood, but some have surgery later in life. Adult and children who have tetralogy of Fallot may have surgery to repair their heart defect which is known as complete repair or to relieve their symptoms which is known as palliation. Palliation is only administered when complete repair is not possible. ?

The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion Essay Example

The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion Essay Example The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion Paper The affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion Paper The purpose of the present study was to determine the affect of brain stress on ponzo illusion. In addition the study examined the affect of presence or absence of converging lines background on judgments of lines length. The study sought to test Ponzos (1882-1960) hypothesis, referring to it as a misjudgment in a length of two lines. This experiment was tested among three students under two conditions, participants under stress and under no stress, each condition had three attempts and each attempt had ten trials. In stress condition, participants accomplished the following experiment after they came back from college. Participants adjusted the length of a line to match the length of another line in same page. Five trials were with the presence of converging lines background and the other five were with absence of converging lines. In the no stress condition, participants accomplished the experiment between 0700 0800 Oclock in the morning after breakfast. The study aim was to explore the correlation between stress conditions and the Ponzo illusion. The error range of length judgment in stress condition found to be higher than the no stress condition. Also the error was higher when converging lines were present. It was concluded that stress and present of converging lines have inverse affect of judgment of lines length. Introduction The Ponzo Illusion is a visual illusion that produces misjudgment in the length of two lines; most people dont get the length right when asked to set two lines to the same length because of Ponzo illusion. The illusion is named after Mario Ponzo (1882-1960) who first demonstrated it in 1913 (Vurdlak, 2008). The reason of such illusion happens when looking at lines in different length with converging lines background and how the brain analyze them; for example, if there were two boxes and they were the same size, one of them was 5 cm in front of you, the other is 5 meters in front of you, you will see that the nearby box is bigger than the far one. The same thing happens with lines in a paper where the brain thinks that one line is fare but the other is near you, so the line that is far should look smaller, but if they are the same size your brain will think the far line is bigger (Brislin, 1974). This illusion can also be observed in the moon, when the moon is on top of you it seems smaller than when it is close to the horizon, the truth is that the moon didnt change in size but the brain thinks that it should look smaller when it is far so if it does not it must have grown in size. There has been a lot of research in this field. Researchers suggested that there are two forms of Ponzo Illusions; circular ponzo Illusions and the Line Ponzo illusions (Robinson, 1972). Most studies to date have explored the line Ponzo illusion, although, studying the relationship between the line and circular forms of the illusion may offer additional signs to identify the possible determinants of the illusion (Yamagami, 2007). Different theories have been suggested to explain the Ponzo Illusion. Many studies have produced data supporting either theory. For example integration field theory (IFT), suggested by Pressey and Smith Martin (1990), is based on assumption that some parts of the stimulus are more likely to be processed than others. In accordance with this, the most relevant features to be processed are the ones confined within the four end points of the two segments to be compared (Roncato et al., 1997). Although most of the previous researches in this field are very well constructed, they are lacking the brain stability and hormones in the form of stress. This research is very important because it will explore the affect of life stress on the Ponzo Illusion. Stress in this research refers to lack of concentration and focus because of exhaustion and brain loads of life activities. The dependant variable is the difference in length between the adjustable line and the standard line. The independent variable is the status of the participants vision. There are number of confounding variables that have be considered in this research like, age difference between participants, eating habits, personal life, and area where participants are living in. All these variables will affect the stress and concentration in some forms. The aim of this study is to find if there is correlation between mental stress and Ponzo Illusion. The hypothesis of this study is that the mental stress will have a negative impact on concentration and therefore judgments of sizes will be affected. Also the presence of converging lines background complicates the issue and makes it even harder to judge the lines length. It was expected that when brain is stressed that the adjusted lines will be longer. It was also expected that when brain is stressed and converging lines are present, the adjusted lines will be even longer. Method Participants Three first year introductory psychology male students at PMU participated in the experiment as a course requirement. All participants had normal or corrected to normal vision. Materials Internet web site (http://psychexps.olemiss.edu/index.html) contains illusion experiment as follow. There are two parts of the experiment. First, two lines with different sizes are laid on converging track like (figure 1). Second, two lines are laid without the converging lines (figure 2). The participants are able to adjust the length of the lower lines by using the blue control arrow below the two lines that allows participants to adjust the size of the lower line to match the size of the upper line. There were 10 trials in this experiment, five trials with present of the converging lines and the other five without. Procedures All participants followed standardized instructions for each of the following conditions. Before the participants start the experiment they had to do one practice test, in that test each one of the participants had to move a blue arrow to adjust the length of a black line, if the arrow was moved to the right the line gets longer, if moved to the left the line gets shorter. Then they were asked to do the experiment three times in two different conditions. All participants had practice go before the real experiment start. The first condition is that the experiment must be done without stress (early morning). All participants must log on into the web before going to college and follow the experiment steps. All ten trials have to be completed without taking any break in between. After the first attempt wait for ten minutes and relax. Accomplish a second attempt using the same procedures in the first attempt. Participants must wait for ten minutes and relax before the third attempt by using the same procedures. The second condition must be done under stress (after a stressed day in college). In this condition participants must accomplish the experiment under a form of stress. Three attempts must be accomplished by each participant right after coming back from long stressed day in college. Accomplish the first attempt continuously without any breaks between trials. After the first attempt take a ten minutes break and then accomplish the second attempt. Take a ten minutes break and then accomplish the last attempt. The results of this experiment support the hypothesiss that with the brain stressed, the error magnitude is much higher as shown in (Table 1). Participant error in the first trial was very high p1=60 and as participant relaxed the error dropped to a lower level P1=29.20. In reference to (Table 2) the first trial for the first participant error was very low from the start P1=14 and the error continued to drop. Generally all participants showed very high error at start; however, the error rate deceased as the brain was relaxing. The result of the first and third participants showed a considerable amount of drop followed by a slight increase. This minor offset could be a momentarily loss of concentration or distraction. The results of the experiment when participants are not under stress are a lot better. It showed much lower error values for all participants. In reference to (Table 2), the error values continued to decrease for first and third participants. The second participant was slightly different because of possible noise in the house. There was a big increase in the error value in the second trial, however, a vast drop in the third trial. This is caused by the different in age between participants. Participant number one is approximately twenty years older than the other participants. The overall result summary showed higher error margin when lines are placed on converging lines. It also showed that the mean is also very high when the converging lines are present (mean = 23.086) and the standard deviation was (StDev = 16.308). When converging lines were absent, the data were much lower (mean = 7.267) and the standard deviation was (StDev = 5.955) as shown in (figure 3) Figure 3 Discussion The results support the hypothesis that stress affects judgment of line lengths and caused the adjusted lines to be longer. Also the present of converging lines affects judgment of lines length and caused the lines to be longer. This finding is consistent with Piagets theory (1969; cited in Wagner, 1977) that proposes the law of relative centrations. Centration is the trend to focus on one side of a situation and overlook others. The second hypothesis that length of horizontal lines judgment was affected when the converging lines background was present. This finding was consistent with Yamagamis theory (1976, 1978; cited in Yamagami, 2007) that the former distortion is attributed to the framing distortion specified as a contour interaction between a horizontal line and two vertical lines as shown in (table 3). The absence of converging lines caused the error to be lesser as shown in (table 4) One problem with the present experiment was the sample size was very small. In future studies, a larger sample size from different age group and different sex could be used to ensure that age is directly related to the misjudgment of lines length and also to explore the Ponzo illusion affect on female. In interpreting the present results it could be argued stress affects lines length judgment especially when converging background is present. Age is also a factor to the increasing of judgment error, with age increase the rate increases, however, the rate of change is not yet defined. Participant one has higher error rate, this is possibly because of age of the participant. Participants two and three are same age, however, participant two lives in a noisier area and this possibly one of the reasons of concentration loss and caused a higher error rate than participant three. The present study examined the effect of stress on Ponzo illusion on male students. Future study needs to examine other forms of stress and its effects on Ponzo illusion on female students.future research also needs to use larger sample and larger age scale in order to find the error rate compare to age. It would be of value in applied situations to control the confounding variables like food, exercise, and living environment to obtain accurate results.

How to Handle Medical School Application Rejection

How to Handle Medical School Application Rejection Most applications to medical school get rejected. Its a hard, unhappy fact. When applying to medical school, you need to accept this possibility and make a contingency plan in case your application isnt accepted. The best advice is  to apply early. If at all possible, take the April MCAT and get the AMCAS application completed before summer starts or at least before August starts. If you wait until August to take the MCAT for the first time, your application will be delayed until the scores are available. The entering class may have already been selected before your application is completed! An early application may improve your chances of admission. At the very least, an earlier decision will help you plan for the following year. Rejection Letter If you get a rejection letter, follow these steps: Call or visit the Office of Admissions and ask if you can have an Admissions Counselor review your application and give you advice for improving it for the next application cycle. Be courteous and grateful. Follow the advice! Review your own application and make notes of ways to improve it.Take your application to your pre-med advisor or other academic advisor and ask him or her to review the application and suggest a way to improve it.Take some action that will show improvement in next years application. If you get an interview next year, expect to be asked what you did all year to help you on your career path. Work hard so that you can have a great answer to this question! Improving An Application These are common means of improving an application: Get higher MCAT scores. Remember, a school sees your most recent scores, which may not necessarily be your highest scores. If you are pleased with your scores, dont retake the test unless you are confident you can improve them. Get more experience. If you were granted an interview, you probably came away with a sense of how the interviewer perceived your experience. If at all possible, build upon your past experiences. You may seek employment in the medical field.Consider taking more college courses, particularly upper-level courses in the sciences. These additional courses could raise your grade point average and will help reinforce concepts. Look critically at the writing on your application and make it even better on the new application.Think hard about the letters of recommendation used for your application. If you waived your right to review these letters, are you 100% positive the letters were glowing recommendations? Were the letters written by respected sources? You need new letters for the new application, so make sure your letters are great. If you have any doubt about the quality of the letters on the rejected application (an Admissions Counselor might clue you in about this), consider not waiving your right to review the letters for the new application cycle. If you dont get accepted to medical school, you need to re-evaluate your desire to become a physician, as well as your aptitude and skills. A lot of rejected applicants never reapply. Those who take steps to improve their applications and then reapply greatly improve their chances of success. Admission Committees like to see perseverance! Getting a rejection letter is disheartening, yes, but how you handle failure is your choice.

Case study analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Case study analysis - Essay Example The report also encompasses a SWOT analysis of Netflix along with recommendations for future development. The movie rental and streaming industry offers movies and streaming videos to customers at a monthly charge. Over the years, this industry has grown significantly, with customers spending increasing amounts on video and streaming services. According to Snider (2014) spending on digital video content increased by over 30% in 2013 in comparison with the previous year. Snider (2014) also been mentioned that, with the rise in popularity of streaming content, the DVD rental service is gradually declining. Over the past year, it has dropped by 9% and is predicted to keep on falling in the coming years. The movie rental and streaming industry is characterized by the presence of several well established brands other than Netflix such as Hulu, Amazon prime, HBO Go, Vudu, Apple TV, among others (Donfro, 2014). These firms compete among each other to gain the maximum possible number of subscribers by offering higher value propositions and, among all the competitors; Netflix has managed to attract the highest market share. One of the key drivers of the movie rental and streaming industry is the growing popularity of the online streaming services. The constant increase in the usage of high speed internet services has made it easier for customers to stream their favourite movie or TV series at a time of their own choosing. Moreover, another key driver for the growth of the industry is the increasingly hectic lifestyle of the people, which leaves hardly any time to catch a movie in theatres and watch a TV show at specific airing time (Marketline, 2014). Thus, the video and movie streaming service has gained huge popularity as its services allow customers to watch movies and TV shows at their convenience. Moreover, technological advancement has also allowed

Tensile Tst Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tensile Tst - Lab Report Example The intention of this experiment is to find out what kind of material should be used in different loading conditions depending upon the kind of construction and the criticality of the work structure. In the experiment, 4 samples of different metals were used –Aluminum, Brass, Steel and Cast-Iron. The experiment involves application of axial loads to four different specimens of identical dimensions till it breaks. A Universal Testing Machine (UTM) is used for this purpose and corresponding stress, strain and extension undergone by each specimen prior to breakage is observed and suitable conclusions drawn. Preparing the specimen is also an important aspect of testing as both ends of the specimen should have ample length so as to be properly gripped during loading. There is specific gauge length that is standardized and is directly related to the diameter of the round specimen. The testing machine also comes in various combinations with simple screw driven machines to hydraulically actuated machines. Modern machines also have a computer generated feedback which displays all the required information on our screen. After preparing the specimen it is loaded onto the UTM machine and loaded according to a specific gradual extension rate till the specimen breaks. (Gere and Timoshenko, 2004) The outputs results from the range of stress that the specimen goes through during the process of loading till its breakage gives us valuable information regarding the yield strength, allowable stress and Young’s Modulus of the material. The uniform plastic deformation continues till the specimen starts to experience necking which gives the ultimate tensile strength. On further increase of loading non-uniform plastic deformation starts. This progresses till a point of fracture which gives the fracture strength of the specimen. (Gere and Timoshenko, 2004) Specimen 1 (aluminum) and specimen 2 (brass) showed lower

RCBC Savings Bank Essay Example for Free

RCBC Savings Bank Essay I. Synopsis RCBC Savings Bank is a wholly owned subsidiary of one of the countrys top universal banks, Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC). RCBC Savings Bank was incorporated on the 15th day of January, 1996 to provide retail banking services to its target clientele and serve as the consumer and retail banking arm of RCBC. RCBC Savings Bank formally started its thrift banking operations on the 27th day of February, 1996. It grew extensively in just over a year, from a lean one-branch organization with a seven-man skeletal force to an institution with a network of six branches supported by 106 full-time personnel in 1997. In September 1998, RCBC Savings Bank acquired selected assets and assumed deposit liabilities of Capitol Development Bank. As a result of the strategic alliance, the Bank further widened the reach of its branch network and became the 2nd largest thrift bank in the country with 117 branches. One of its branches is the RCBC Savings Bank La Paz in Iloilo City. It serves many Ilonggos in banking and financing services. Despite of its fast growing business, the Management paid no attention to some internal control aspects of its branches. Like the La Paz Branch many complaints from customers regarding the efficiency and slow-moving service of the bank. The long queuing of the customers every time they do transactions to tellers is really a problem; it decreases the goodwill of the company and much more the customer satisfaction. As we all know, the competition in banking industry is high and many banks are already here in Iloilo. How would the Management address this problem? What course of actions or solutions should the Management put in place to achieve higher customer satisfaction? Is the company really into realizing its vision to be the most-sought-after by the consumer market when it comes to financial products and services?

Classification of Characters Bill and Boyd Meet :: essays research papers

Billy and Boyd come in contact with many interesting characters through out their journeys. There are six characters that Billy and Boyd meet who seam to impact their lives the most. Those six characters can be broken up into two groups to describe how they impacted Billy and Boyd’s lives. The two groups are the characters that helped them along their journeys, and the characters that did not help them along their journeys. The first character who impacted their lives and ultimately their journeys is the Indian. Billy and Boyd were down at the river when they met this character. The Indian did not like them from the beginning. The Indian did not like them knowing he was there, so he used them. The Indian got them to bring him food. Then he asked for coffee and other good. Billy and Boyd decided not to bring the items back to the Indian because they did not want anything to do with him. The only problem was the Indian knew where they lived. The Indian did not help Billy and Boyd in the journeys. The Indian ended killing their parents, burning part of their house, and slitting their dog’s neck, which made him mute. Another character who did not help in Billy and Boyd’s journeys is the Mexican deputy. Billy and Boyd were trying to find their stolen horses that they had papers for. They knew that the deputy knew information about the horses. When they showed the deputy the horse’s papers, he told them to put them away, that the papers would not help them get the horses back. The other character(S) that did not help Billy and Boyd’s journeys is the two kidnapers. Along their journeys they run into a girl who is around Boyd’s age, she is traveling alone. They kind of scare her so she does not let them help her. They go on their way, down the rode they run into to guys. Billy and Boyd know that these guys are going to give her trouble. So they wait till sun down and they go back and find her. The kidnapers have in fact given her trouble. They have also raped her. Billy and Boyd decide that they are going to get her away from the kidnapers.

Physiological Disorders

Physiological disorders: In this assignment I am going to describe two physiological disorder in details, the details that I am going to go into is what the disorder is, signs and symptoms, cause of the disorder, physiological changes as a result of treatment and the factors influencing the development of the disorder, explain the signs and symptoms related to two named physiological disorders, describe the investigations that care carried out to enable the diagnosis of these physiological disorders and assess possible difficulties involved in the diagnosis of the disorders from their signs and symptoms.P1 The two physiological disorders that I am going to talk about are Diabetes and Asthma. Diabetes: What is diabetes? Diabetes is when your body does not make enough insulin or cannot use its own insulin as well as it should. Insulin is a hormone and also a protein, which is made by the cells within the pancreas. This causes the sugar to build up in your blood. Most of the food that w e eat is turned into glucose, which is a sugar that gives us physical energy.The pancreas an organ near the stomach makes the insulin which then helps the glucose to get to our bodies, when that process is not happening that’s when diabetes occurs. Diabetes can be able to cause severe health problems and this can be to the heart, causing kidney failure, causing blindness, and lower-extremity amputations. Diabetes is a very common disorder and most elderly people seem to get it and they body slowly stops working. The signs and symptoms of diabetes There are two types of diabetes; there is type 1 and type 2.Type 1 is a condition which is called Ketoacidosis, which happens when a cid compounds from the blood. Type 2 appears mainly in people over the age of 40, signs and symptoms develop more slowly as most of the time it is not recognised because of the illness they might have. Most people with type 2 diabetes do not receive any symptoms in their blood if the glucose level is no t too high. Type 1: * Blurred vision * Dry mouth * Outstanding thirst * Loss of weight * Weakness or exhaustion * Regular urination Type 2: * Leg pain * Dry mouth * Unnecessary thirst * Always needing to go to the toilet Skin which itches or has yeast infection * Blurred vision * Certain medicine * Pregnancy * Age * Illness or damage to the pancreas * Cut or sores which take longer to heal The causes of diabetes Diabetes is caused when the pancreas does not make enough or any of the hormones (insulin) needed or when the insulin does not work as well as. This causes the level of glucose in the blood to too high. In type 1 the cells in the pancreas that make the insulin are damaged, causing a cruel require of insulin left. This is known when the body attacks and damages its own cells in the pancreas.No one knows why this happens, but something must trigger it off and this could contain, infections with definite virus or bacteria, experience of food or chemical toxins and introduced as a young child to cow’s milk. In type 2 the receptors on cells in the body that normally respond to the act of insulin stop motivating. This is known as insulin resistance. When this happens more insulin might be produced and this over produces at that stage which then stops the cells in the pancreas. This is when is stops working properly. What happens while and after treatmentsType 1: Type 1 diabetes treatment is an everyday task. This is because the lack of insulin production by the pancreas is difficult to control. Treatments include being carefully calculated diets, planned physical activities, daily insulin injections and home blood glucose testing a certain number of times a day. Type 2: Type 2 diabetes treatments include exercise, diet control, home blood glucose testing and in some cases oral medication. Only about 40% of people who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes are mandatory to have insulin injections.The risks which can influence diabetes The risks of diabetes can mostly be genetically or when you do not look after yourself properly. In type 1 is risks will mostly be if it’s genetically. In the family, if anyone that has type 1 diabetes it could be a parent or sibling. Genetics, when checked through clinical trials to see if someone who has a family history of the type. Geography, people living in different places might be affected with diabetes more than someone living in London. Viral experience may trigger the virus if the cells are infected.Low vitamin D levels, like when early drinking of cow’s milk because that’s the common foundation of vitamin D. Other dietary factors like Omega 3 fatty acids offer protection against type 1 diabetes. In type 2 the risks are more to do with obesity and looking after yourself physically and mentally, the older you get you might become obese, lack of exercise not being active and being lazy and overweight. Your diet, when you’re eating unhealthy food all the time. Any fam ily history where you cannot do much about your genetic history but you have been aware and you are ready.As you get older it seems to find you, as you age type 2 diabetes develop as the pancreas pumps less insulin and high blood pressure and high cholesterol are the two major symptoms of pre diabetes. Asthma: What is asthma? Asthma is a very common circumstance where the airways happen to irritated and inflamed, this causes the airway to become more narrower than normal and produce extra mucus, it makes the airway muscles much more tighter which makes it harder for the air to stream into and out of the lungs and makes it harder to breathe.Asthma causes coughing, attacks which are triggered by exercise, wheezing, tightness of the cheat and breathlessness and this could happen at any age. People, who have asthma and search out for the correct treatment will be able to lead a normal life, people who do not search out for the correct treatment they can experience from brutal asthma att acks. This will cause eternal damage to the airways. The signs and symptoms of asthma The there a few common signs and symptoms of asthma and they are: Shortness of breathe * Coughing * Wheezing * Tightness in your chest Asthma symptoms can be easy-going, reasonable or brutal. These symptoms are likely to be changeable and may stop and start and usually get worse at night as your body is more relaxed. The cause of asthma The cause of asthma has not been found out yet. The symptoms that will trigger the airways in your lung and make an asthma attack happen or get worse is: * Chemicals * Dust, cigarette smoke or fumes * Weather * Infections like colds and flu Allergies to pollen, medicines, animals or certain food * Emotions (laughing or crying as it causes stress) What happens while and after treatment While an asthma attack occurs your airways happens to be irritated and inflamed, the cells in your throat produce more mucus which is a sticky material that clogs up the airways in the lungs, the airways swell up because of what ever has caused the asthma attack, the muscles in your lungs tighten which become much smaller than normal.This will cause the narrowing of the airways to bring on the symptoms much quicker and take place for a longer time. When an asthma attack appears you should take your reliever treatment immediately if possible with a spacer, always make sure you are sitting down and relaxing, wait for about 5-10 minutes and see what happens. If the symptoms fade away then you will not have to do anything, but if they do not fade away then you should call a doctor or an ambulance and at the same time continue taking your reliever until help arrives.There are only a few treatments for asthma but if you are taking them you have to make sure you always are because that particular treatment will be chosen in a way that works best for you, and will be the only thing that can help you. There are inhalers, which are devices which you put into your mouth and press down so the gas which is inside can get to your airways. To get the right cure from the inhaler you will have to use it properly and make sure you are inhaling it into your mouth. There are two types of inhalers that can be used for asthma, reliever which treat your symptoms from happening.The reliever can be short or long acting, a short acting reliever includes medicine which helps to expand your airways and quickly relieve your symptoms where as a long acting reliever just includes medicine. Relievers are mainly a blue or green colour. Preventer which can prevent your symptoms is used every day, which help you to prevent the symptoms. Preventer contains steroid medicine that helps to decrease the inflammation of your airways. There can be side affect if it’s taken way to much like every hour or so. It will cause a sore mouth or throat.Also it can take up to six weeks for the preventer to work and once it has started to work you will not have to use your inhaler anym ore. Theses preventer are mainly brown, orange or red in colour. Spacers are a long tube which clips on to an inhaler and at the end of the tube there is a mouthpiece which you breathe into and out. This is so you can use your inhaler if you are having any problems. Nebuliser is a medicine made up of mist from water, which you breathe into. They distribute more of the drug to where it is needed the most; this is quicker and better than most inhalers.This is only particular vital if you have reasonable or brutal asthma attacks. The risks which can influence asthma Risks which can influence asthma are most likely being, when you have a family member who has or used to have asthma severe or mild. Smoking also influences the risks of asthma as you are inhaler tobacco into your lungs and tobacco consist of a lot harmful drugs. It say been said if you are a women you are more likely to suffer from asthma, obesity can be a risk as if you was obese you would have more problems breathing. P2 The signs and symptoms of having asthma are when you are short of breath, oughing, wheezing and tightness in your chest. If you are experiencing these symptoms then you should instantly can action and take your treatments first. If using your inhalers do not help then you should call for professional help as soon as possible as it could get worse. If you cannot make the call then make sure there is someone else with you who can. The signs and symptoms of having diabetes could be several of things. There are two types of diabetes and type 1 creates blurred vision, dry mouth, outstanding thirst, and loss of weight, weakness or exhaustion, regular urination.When experiencing theses symptoms you should call for professional help. As you could not know which type of diabetes you have, as the doctor will examine you and find out more. Having type2 diabetes this will give leg pain, dry mouth, and unnecessary thirst, always needing to go to the toilet, skin which itches or has yeast infect ion, blurred vision, certain medicine, pregnancy, age, illness or any sort of damaged to the pancreas and cuts/sores which take longer to heal than usual. When experiencing theses symptoms you should sort call for professional as you will find out more from a doctor. P3 & M1When a patient is diagnosed with any kind disorders firstly it will be referral, this is when you contact professional help. This could be done by you, family or friends. After being checked properly by a professional, the professional will know what is wrong and what to do next. The investigation, is so they can find out the signs and symptoms so they will check for medical history, palpation, might need to do a blood test or a urine test, radiological investigation, function test and measurement. By then everything that needs to be found out will have been and you will receive and get the best treatment and advice given.With asthma the investigation will start by the doctor examining you to find signs and sympt oms, the doctor will perform a chest x-ray which indicates a hyperventilated chest. It also helps to tell between from the cause of breathlessness you might have. A pulmonary function testing that indicates an obstructive pattern of the airway. The doctor may check the sputum because it could be thick and viscous and may indicate eosinophils and also when a patient as an acute attack, examination of the arterial blood gases would point out the severity of the disease.With diabetes because there are two types, type 1 and type 2 there a several investigations. If type 1 diabetes is diagnosed then firstly the investigation will begin by the doctor examining you to find signs and symptoms, and then the doctor will perform a screening where the plasma glucose, random glucose, capillary blood glucose and urine glucose is being checked. This helps to see if a person has been diagnosed then to see the development of diabetes. The doctors will look into family history as diabetes can be foun d in someone if a family member has diabetes.Urine tests will also be taken and the tests will be taken to the laboratory to see more clearly what type of diabetes they are looking for. With type2 diabetes the investigation will be quite similar the same checks will happen but in type 2 an hour test will be taken place to see the plasma glucose level. Urine tests will be taken and all tests will be sent off to the laboratory to be checked properly through microscopes to gets results and when results have been found it will be discussed between you and your doctor. When doctors and any professional leaders take into investigation and start work, things could go wrong.For example if there are two patients who have signs and symptoms of diabetes and want to find out if they really do. The urine tests might get mixed up while under the doctor’s protection. By this happening the results may not match and wrong information can be given out. This could be because one of the patient actually has diabetes and the other does not but because if the mix up the person who has diabetes has been shown by the results that they do not. Or when there are two people with the same surnames and the doctor is looking for any medical history which might help with their problem.This can happen while looking for the patients details by the surname and not reading the whole details about the person. This will cause several misunderstanding and confusion. Bibliography: Website http://www. nhs. uk/Conditions/Asthma/Pages/Symptoms. aspx http://www. emedicinehealth. com/asthma/article_em. htm http://asthma. about. com/od/faq/f/asthmaattack_lung. htm http://asthma. about. com/od/asthmabasics/a/Asthma_handle. htm http://www. healthcentral. com/asthma/introduction-000004_5-145. html http://www. bbc. co. uk/health/physical_health/conditions/in_depth/diabetes/aboutdiabetes_causes. html http://diabetes. webmd. com/tc/type-1-diabetes-what-happens http://chinese-school. netfirms. com/diabet es-causes. html http://diabetes. webmd. com/tc/type-2-diabetes-what-happens http://www. diabetes. co. uk/Diabetes-Risk-factors. html http://www. aarogya. com/conditions-and-diseases/asthma/395-symptoms-a-investigation-of-asthma. html http://generalhealthtopics. com/investigation-asthma-934. html http://www. cks. nhs. uk/diabetes_type_2/making_a_diagnosis/diagnosis/diagnostic_investigations http://manualofdiabetesmellitus. blogspot. com/2009/02/laboratory-tests-for-screening-and. html

Retailer Companies Essay

Amazon Amazon is an online retailer however there have been talks and news articles of the company planning to open a warehouse store in New York City. However being an online only retailer means the company can meet any customer target and offer shopping to anyone. This removes travel time, travel costs and parking costs which appeal to more customers. This can also appeal to younger shoppers aged 16+ who are unable to drive and must pay out a large charge in travel fare. There is also a larger reach in the consumer area and they now have the ability to reach a worldwide target. Also being an online only business they can give specific and limited discounting to their products. New Look New look is a multiple store that usually located in an in town area. Being located in town has many advantages and disadvantages. One of the advantages to being an in town store is the easy access by both public and personal transport. However a disadvantage to this is the large travel costs both paying for tickets on trains or busses but also petrol and parking costs. A second advantage in the allotted sale space can be increased and the store can have a larger floor space. However due to this the store costs more to rent and run meaning there are only a small amount of discounts the store is able to give. Pandora Pandora is a multinational company using a multiple store which is usually located in out of town areas. Because of the area where they are placed they have a long travel time making the easiest travel option the car however you can travel to them on public transport but many involve changes and larger fares. However due to the travel costs the areas slightly reduce store costs and also allow free parking. This means that although travel time and cost is high it holds more appeal due to the lower prices and free parking. Best One Newsagents Best One Newsagents is a franchised business that is based in local  locations. The areas that these stores are in are specifically placed in accordance to the surrounding area. They will be in an area where there are many houses surrounding them so that customers have east when going to the store. Due to the fact of them being a local store they are smaller than others and are able to sell items at cheaper prices. This appeals to the customers so that they can get bits they need without going to supermarkets and paying a higher price. eBay eBay is an online only auction site where people are able to sell unwanted items securely. This means they can sell items that people are looking for E.G a new iPad Air would usually be sold at retail price for  £399 but on eBay a new but used one could be sold at up to a 90% discount and that could be a set price or they could use the auction and consumers could bid to see who will be the one to purchase the item. As this is a selling site you will need to receive the money and many use PayPal as it is a secure way to pay the money however you can just pay cash if you are collecting the item.

Critics of Modern Civilization in India

Critics of Modern Civilization in India Critics of modern civilization in India Gandhi presented his critics of modern civilization in Hind Swaraj book, which most people opposed even without reading it. Majority disagreed with the issues that Gandhi discussed, and regarded the book as ridiculous. Jawaharlal was one of the close followers of Gandhi, and he disagreed with the views of Gandhi.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critics of Modern Civilization in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some people considered Gandhi as a representative of the old ages. The few people, who were interested with the book, did not get a chance to analyze it, as the government banned it as soon as possible (Gandhi 13). During the congress rule, the book was then revived in the market. In the book, Gandhi concentrated on various issues that were affecting the contemporary society. He wanted to realize the reason behind the increment of violence and terrorism trends. This issue had attracted international attention, as everyone looked for violent revolution in India as it was highly increasing. According to Gandhi, in his book, he said that the future of India was interconnected with peaceful events. This idea led to his strong opposition against the growing terrorism and violence. His intention was to introduce an alternative to replace violence and chaotic acts. During this period, British had dominated the Indian land, in efforts of spreading their way of life to the Indians (Gandhi 21). The introduction of formal education with regard to the British system, use of railways, medicine, and the incorporation of the legal system brought much change to the Indian society. Gandhi says that, he decided to examine further, the nature of British colonialism, and he realized the cause of all the problems was the modern civilization. According to his views, he defined modern civilization as more dangerous than colonialism. Adoption of modern civilization w as the cause of the problems that Indians faced. Gandhi tried to compare the modern civilization with the ethical practices of the Indian people, and discovered that the strength of the Indian people depends on their ethical living. Gandhi confessed that, his main theme was preserving the moral characters of the Indians. The question, of successfully convincing the Indians about the negative effects of modern civilization was extremely challenging him. Even the educated people, who could easily understand the evils of modern civilization, were already brainwashed.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More At one point, Gandhi tried to argue and to convince other Indians how the country was degrading, due to accepting the western institutions, and their way of life (Gandhi 35). Gandhi was convinced that the acts of western civilization and the increased cases of violence were inseparable. The only solution according to him was to eradicate the influence of British for the well-being of the Indians. The use of dialogue in Hind Swaraj helped him to convey the message of evils of civilization. The dialogue was between a reader and the editor. He considered the use of dialogue of two equal partners to air the views of challenges faced by the contemporary society, as the most effective. His efforts were to put India in its prominent position with other nations. Gandhi made some arguments of the fact that, the strength of India did not rely on the work of its military, but in Indians ethical behaviors (Gandhi 57). Although, he thought politics played a significant role in solving peoples problems, politicians were supposed to serve people, but not to dominate. Gandhi honored the strength and powers of nationalism, due to its capability in solving the Indians problems. Gandhi made people understand that modern civilization was based on acquiring material wealth, and hence c ould not give ethical living a chance. Indians could not stick to their ethical practices, as they used to rush regularly to grab wealth. The greed for wealth affected the development of the individual’s personality, ethical practices, and moral values, which are relied on promoting peace and cohesion in the society. Gandhi claimed that moral values and admirable qualities were not present in the modern western civilization. The quality of lives for Indian people was to be emphasized through embracing ethical and moral moorings. He emphasized on culture more than civilization, as it was considered the cause of all problems that Indians faced. Factory civilization that resulted from modern civilization affected the value of a human being negatively (Gandhi 61) The introduction of industrialization widened the gap between the wealth people and those below the average. In addition, industrialization resulted to hatred and discrimination among the Indians. Modern civilization led to alienation according to Gandhi. On the other hand, it was also raised that, through class struggle, there would be a high likelihood of violence and hatred among the Indians. Centralization of power was also believed to result to some evils, as only few who will acquire power and dominate the rest. Through industrialization, the cities were believed to grow and expand, hence destroying the harmonious lives in rural areas. Exploitation and acts of inequalities were high in cities and towns than in rural surroundings.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critics of Modern Civilization in India specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Nevertheless, Gandhi still knew of positive effects of western civilization such as the introduction of law and constitutionalism. Western civilization also entailed some positive impacts such as civil liberty, and economic development. On the other hand, Gandhi discovered western civilization mai nly resulted to competition and becoming rich, and greed for power (Gandhi 69). This analysis brought the conclusion that; positive impacts of western civilization were small, compared to the problems it brought. The improvement of people’s quality of life was Gandhi’s principal concern, as opposed to the quantity development aimed by the British. The introduction of modern civilization was making machines overtake men; hence, the human labor was acting like slavery. According to Gandhi western civilization was based on animosity, he declared that even for West modernization was wicked. The views of Gandhi proved that colonialism was one of the many fruits of western civilization. In his book, Gandhi requested the Indians to adopt technology only suitable to their needs (Gandhi 71). He focused his interests mostly about the youths and concentrated much on educational reforms. Kim’s identity Kim is a very intriguing book and most people prefer reading it. The peo ple, who read this book outside India, always developed an urge to visit the place. Kimball O’Hara is the main character in the book, mainly known as Kim. He appears in the first page of the book sitting on enormous cannon in the middle of the city of Lahore. The author of the book portrays Kim fighting other boys, who intended to take his position. On this very day, Kim starts a journey that shapes his life fully later. The hero of the author was this young boy known as Kim. Kim looked and behaved like any other normal Indian. His father was an English man, who died and left Kim with notes specifying his identity. Kim always carried with him those notes concerning the secret of his identity (Kipling 11). Kim was a knowing young boy and ever searching for his identity. Kim accompanied Iama, a Buddhists priest, who wanted to be shown his way to wonder house. It was a fantastic opportunity for him to search what his father had indicated in the notes. Kim’s father had ind icated that one day; Kim would be befriended by a red bull on a green environment, accompanied by colonel on his horse in a group of nine hundred devils (Kipling 39). The definition that his father had given was not clear to Kim about what he meant. It did not dawn on Kim that his father referred to his old Irish regiment, its ruling officer, and its followers of nine hundred men. When Kim found this group of people, he became a player in the great game of Indians spying. He got an opportunity to learn crucial skills such as map reading and map making in st. Xavier, as preparation for his role in Indians exciting game.Advertising Looking for essay on asian? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Kim disclaims the racist modes of characters and shows the future racial harmony. The identity of Kim is used in the book as the bridge between the colonizers and the colonized. The author of the book tries to demonstrate Kim’s identity crisis and his chameleon like characters (Kipling 66). This is well demonstrated through Kim’s relationships with the natives. The culture aspect of Kim was significantly affected through the interaction of Asian and European practices. Kim’s identity crisis is because of native culture, which he feels being part of it. At a point, Kim considered Mahhub Ali as a traitor, because he betrayed him back to the British. Although Kim felt more superior to other Indians, he demonstrated feelings of closeness to the Indians. The author describes Kim as a â€Å"Friend of the entire world†, which is seen as ironic, as he related with natives in a hatred way. He treated his friends and other natives in a negative attitude, except for the Iama to whom he showed love. Although Kim insisted of perfect equality, he acted negatively when he removed the Indian boys who had occupied his place. He did this because he was English, and English people were superior. Despite that, Kim was a poor boy; the Indian boy whose father was rich could not manage to take Kim’s position. Kim’s identity crisis was felt in all aspects of life. For instance, in st. Xavier where he considered himself a sahib, things were exceedingly different. Other children in school discriminated Kim and gave him unwelcoming response (Kipling 27). In this school, Kim learnt how to behave in a more superior manner over other natives by force. What helped him most throughout the school life was that, he believed he was better compared to other Indians. The blood of white in Kim was seen to prevail, when he decided to join British secret service, and contribute to the fight against Indians. This aspect enforced the author’s belief of genetic differences between races. When Mahbub Ali asked Kim who is exactly his people, Kim responded just like any other colonizer, and declared that great and beautiful land was his answer. The answer, which Kim gave, was a clear show, of the division between him and the natives. It was clear that it was not possible for Kim to do away with his white culture. Kim severally showed fear of snakes, some of the incidences that proved that it was impossible for Kim to escape his British blood (Kipling 45). Other incidences, which portrayed Kim’s identity crisis, were how his mind functioned. For instance, when he was relaxed his mind functioned like a Hindi. When situations of confusion arose and needed to think deep, Kim’s mind functioned like an English person. In several occasions, his mind shifted from the darkness that was burying it, and took refuge in English thinking. Although Kim had lived among natives for many years, the superiority of white blood and culture, could not allow him to believe the illusions of natives. Kim’s identity became questionable, when at times forgot he was a sahib he would later recall that he is a white. For instance, when Kim was in Jain temple he bent down forgetting st. Xavier, forgetting his superior white blood, and even great game. He was in a status of confusion, and could not determine who he was. He went to the extent of asking, â€Å"Who is Kim-Kim-Kim† (Kipling 54). In the same incidence, Kim is heard confessing to a shamlegh woman how he wrestled with his soul until he was strength less. It was clear that, it was not easy for Kim to handle the conflicting cultures and identities that existed in him. There were no fixed contours to define the identity of Kim, because his skin color was undecided, as he was black like any other native, although not very black. Kim was Irish by birth the culture that was dominant in him was Asiatic, but he received treatment of an Englishman. His personality entailed conflicting characters. In addition, Kim did not have a well-defined or social identity, because at a point in the book he is heard asking, whether he is a Hindu, Jain, or Buddhist (Kipling 19). Mahbub Ali who was acting like his biological father could also not define the real identity of Kim. The most confusing point is when Kim could not decide whether he would like to be a sahib with dignity of education or to be a colonized native. He later managed this status of choosing his identity by becoming a colonizer. Gandhi, Mahatma. Hind Swaraj. New Delhi: Rajpal Sons, 2010. Print. Kipling, Rudyard. Kim. New York: Create Space, 2009. Print.

Application of Sensory for the Maintenance of Health for the Elderly

Disorders of smell and taste are often diagnostic dilemmas that most times present themselves in elderly people(Croy, Nordin, & Hummel, 2014). The lack of knowledge and insight of these impairment conditions are common and can result in life threatening situations especially among the aged. In addition, poor appetite   is a challenge faced by elderly people living both at home or in nursing care homes. Poor appetite can result in nutritional deficiencies and weight loss and is linked to poor health outcomes and mortality. By gaining an understanding on what causes reduced appetite and its link to sensory impairment, clinical staff and nurses can quickly identify elderly patients that have an impaired appetite. Several strategies can be utilized in promoting appetite and increasing intake of food (Pilgrim, Robinson, &Save, 2015). When the human tongue receives taste signals, a number of neural pathways are activated. However, these pathways don't require for food to be in the mouth for them to be activated; the sound of rattling dishes, or an image of food can cause the stomach to rumble. The sense of vision provides a critical sense with regard to food perception, driving preferences and raising expectations. Humans discriminate unconsciously, between foods that are low and high in calories, by just looking at the said food. Looking at images of food that are low or high calorie provokes different responses with varying intensities in the brain(Toepel, Ohla, & Hudry, 2014). The study by Toepel et al.,( 2104) tested subjects where they were shown images of high calorie foods such as pastry, pizza, salmon, and lamb chops which were alternated with images of low calorie foods such as pasta/tomato sauce, yoghurt, watermelon, and beans. For every image observed, a weak electric current was attached to the tongues of the participants which stimulated the state function of the brain without any real taste being mimicked. This produced a metallic taste and sensation hence, the a food cue was initiated by the   images and neutralized by the metallic stimulation. The results from the EEG measurements showed that looking at high calorie images stimulated pleasant and strong sensations as opposed to the low calorie food images. The high calorie images evoked neural activity which was stronger in some parts of the brain such as frontal operculum and the bilateral insula in comparison to images of lower calories. Any taste pleasantness changes activated the medial orbitofrontal cortex. Shape also affects taste as was studied by Gal in a research that analyzed consumer behaviour against marketing. In the study, the participants first sorted geometric figures after which they were shown a piece of cheese that had pointed corners rather than the usual round ones. The subjects described the taste of the cheese as being sharper (Bakalar, 2014). However, understanding the brain's mechanism that connects between gustatory and visual senses is still a relatively new In addition to visual and shape, odour too plays a significant role. Volatile molecules are released when a person chews food which then travel to the receptors at the back of the mouth that lines the nasal passages. The receptors are what enable a person to identify the different sensations' combinations which result in flavour- knowing what one is consuming. When a person eats sour or sweet strawberry, the mouth is able to detect this even while the nose is held tight (Stevenson, 2012). Hearing too plays a part in what people eat. If for example one hears the crunch of potato crisps, one imagines the crisps to be fresher. Taste can also be affected by sound as was demonstrate by a study where participants were asked to bite into crisps and rate their freshness and crispiness. The researcher played a crunching sound once the subject took a bite and which systematically changed the perceptions by the subjects where the subjects stated the crisps were crispier and fresher compared to when there was no aural cue (Spence,2015). Temperature also is a factor that determines one's perception of taste. For example, warming ice cream increases the perceived flavour. Sensitivity to temperature is regulated by the taste buds' molecular processes that are responsible for the different tastes (Amerine, Pangborn, & Roessler, 2013).   Increasing food temperature to 15-35 degrees Celsius enhances one's sweetness neural response. In approximately half of the population, cooling or heating the tongue causes taste sensations in that, cooling the tongue increases the salty or sour tasting sensations while increasing the temperature increases the taste sensation of sweetness.   Smell when compared against taste, is more complex as human receptors for taste are fewer than receptors for smell. The five taste receptors are umami, bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. There are various ways of mixing both smell and taste leading to a broad array of flavours that a person perceives and which bear little subjective resemblance to the aforementioned tastes. There is a neurological link between taste and smell that is unique to the two senses. When one sees and hears something simultaneously, two different neurological pathways are used while this is not the case with tasting and smelling. For example, when one pops a jellybean in the mouth while holding the nose tight, one can still sense the jelly beans' sweetness but will not perceive the flavour. Once a person releases the nose, the flavour becomes identifiable. The flavour thus comes from the nose even when one tastes the sweetness of the beans (Society for Neuroscience, 2015). There is a distinction between smelling via the nose and via the back of the throat, while there is a neurological distinction in the tasting. Arrival of the retronasal and orthonasal odours is via the same route however, when they arrive simultaneously as taste, integration of taste and odour occurs which creates the perception of flavour. Flavour is only perceived through the simultaneous arrival of odour and taste to the anterior insula. Hence, it is concluded that the overlapping of the distinct smell and taste pathways occurs in the anterior insula. When molecules bind in the tongue receptors, then the sense of taste can be perceived which proceeds to send signals to various parts of the brain to eventually meet at the anterior insula (Yin, Hewson, Linforth et al., 2017). Further, a person is able to differentiate the experience with food through touching the food. This is more so, with regard to true fats (an example is the creamy taste of ice-cream and butter). There are specific neurons in the brain's orbitofrontal cortex that respond to fats texture in the mouth such as fat rich foods including chocolate and ice cream as well as similarly oily non food substances such as silicone oil and mineral oil. In addition, the taste of soda is influenced greatly by feel where a flat soda tastes different from a carbonated one (Drewnoski & Almiron, 2010).  Ã‚   The proportion of elderly is escalating fast in the world. It is estimated that by 2025, there wil be 1.12 billion people aged 60 and above with most having some level of sensory loss including smell and taste perception (Coreira, Lopez, &Wroblewsski et al., 2016). Laboratory and clinical studies have shown a decline in smell and taste functioning among persons aged 60 years and above which increases in severity in those aged 70 years and above. Dysfunction of smell and taste is caused by ageing and some specific disease conditions such as Alzheimer's and cancer, surgical and pharmacological intervention, environmental and radiation exposure. The chemosensory deficits may result in alteration in food choices and consumption and subsequently worsen any existing medical conditions, compromise immunity and nutritional status, change food choices and result in decrease in weight (Doty & Kamath, 2014).   As has been discussed earlier, vision, smell, and taste are involved in food enjoyment. When these senses are impaired due to ageing, they result in a reduction in appetite among the elderly. Appetite is stimulated by the smell of food while the taste of food promotes its enjoyment and stimulates the appetite further even after eating. Most elderly people have taste and smell senses that are impaired and which hinders their appetite to a great extent (Nieuwenhuizen et al., 2010). Having a good vision helps in stimulating one's appetite (Spence, Okajima, & Cheok et al., 2015). As one ages, the vision reduces with 1 in 5 persons aged 75 years and above and 1 in every 2 persons aged 90 years and above having loss of vision (RNIB, 2014). The body composition of an individual is what determines his/her energy requirements and more so, the fat free mass (the component s of the body that are exclusive of fat for example organs, bones, and muscles), and their physical activity levels.   As people age, they lose the fat free mass with a 1% rate of skeletal muscle loss among those aged 70 years and above. With most being physically inactive. Therefore the energy requirements among the elderly are low which is a contributory factor to appetite loss. This varies among individuals, which is reflective of the body composition differences as well as physical activity differences (Milanovi?, Panteli?, & Trajkovi? et al., 2013). As people become older, the sense of smell deteriorates with declining olfactory functioning (Doty & Kamath, 2014;Smoliner, Fischedick, &Sieber et al., 2013).  In addition to losing the sense of smell, people lose the ability to differentiate smells with more than 75% of persons aged 80 and above experiencing acute olfactory impairment with increased continuous decline after 70 years (Doty et al., 2014). Of persons aged between 80-97 years, 62.5% had olfactory impairment(Schubert, Cruickshanks, &Klein et al., 2011). However, taste impairment is more common than olfactory impairment (Malaty & Malty, 2013) Gustatory dysfunction is also linked to ageing, however, most often, what is thought to be taste impairment is in fact an olfactory impairment. Besides smell impairment, taste impairment is caused by prior infection of upper respiratory area, drug use, head injury, as well as idiopathic causes (Fomazieri, Borges, & Bezerra, et al., 2014; Bromley & Doty, 2014; Roper, 2013).  Problems with chewing caused by loss of teeth and dentures can interfere with sense of taste along with decreased production of saliva. Decreased senses of tastes and smell causes suppression of appetite which results in loss of weight, impaired immunity, malnutrition, and medical conditions deteriorations (Phillips, Caroll, & Drayson et al., 2015; Jacobson, Green, & Murphy,2010).  Problems with nutrition form a significant sequeale from disorders of taste and smell.  Elderly persons need two-three times more salt concentration in tomato soup before they are able to detect it (Ahmed & Haboubi, 2010).  The tendency for the elderly to take in higher concentrations of sugar and salt can exacerbate already hazardous medical conditions they may be experiencing. A decrease or distortion in the sense of smell results in a decrease in life quality or even disability(Smeets, Veldhuizen, & Galle, 2009). Further, such medical conditions can result in a high level of depression and anxiety in the person. Anxiety resulting from inability to enjoy the taste of food and fear that the taste impairment could be as a result of a n unknown condition. In addition, there is also heightened depression among persons with anosmia (Hummel, T., Landis, B. N., & Hà ¼ttenbrink,, 2011).   Classification of chemosensory dysfunction is as follows: ageusia (loss in sense of taste), hypogeusia (decrease in taste sensitivity), dysgeusia (normal taste distortion), anosmia (loss in of the sense of smell), hyposmia (decrease in smell sensitivity) and dysomia (normal smell distortion). Persons with hypogeusia often need tastants in higher concentrations in order to detect the same; their threshold for detecting and recognizing tastants is elevated above the normal controls. These group of persons also have less intense suprathreshold concentrations. Persons with dysgeusi experience taste distortion such as metallic/bitter taste sides that are not often linked to the foods they are consuming. Analogous impairments in perceptions of smell are often reported in persons with dysosmia and hyposmia. The chemosensory deficits that the elderly experience are irreversible. However, there are several sensory interventions that can be applied such as odour and taste intensification to compensate for perceptual loss that is age related. One such method is addition of monosodium glutamate (MSG) in food during and after its preparation to enhance its taste and smell as well as enhance its palatability. When a person presents with taste and smell disorders, they will first need reassurance and counselling that they are not suffering from an infection or malignant disease. Once diagnosis of diminished smell is done, the management goal will entail injury prevention that is related to the condition. Gas detection visual stimulating devices are ideal for a person that use gas stoves as such a person will be incapable of smelling a gas leak. Neighbours and relatives will need to be involved in assisting such a person as he/she may be unable to detect spoiled food which can cause food poisoning if consumed. MSG is the glutamic acid sodium salt that poses the unique umami taste quality. The term umami is Japanese with no English translation , and is used for describing the MSG taste as well as the taste of certain broths and fish. The umami taste is similar to the protein taste. Different tests have shown that umami does not fall in any of the categories of bitter, salty, sour, and sweet. MSG is used in making commercial mixtures that contain specific 5†²-ribonucleotides such as IMP (inosine-5†²-monophosphate) and GMP (guanosine-5†²-monophosphate). MSG together with these compounds have synergistic and potent effects, including a significant decrease in the threshold levels of MSG. A person with a taste disorder will need flavoring enhancements added to his/her food. Flavors are a combination of odorant molecules which are blended or extracted from natural product or can be synthesized from natural products through   mass spectrographic and chromatographic analysis. Flavor enhancers modify or enhance the food's original aroma or taste but lack their individual aroma or taste. For example, simulated beef flavour can be used as an addition to beef or beef soup to increase the beef sensation. There is a difference in flavour enhancement from the more common taste and odour sensation enhancers such as salt, herbs, and spices. Herbs and spices add diverse flavours as opposed to intensifying the food's existing chemosensory properties. Flavours are not spices hence they do not cause any stomach or mouth irritations. The main component in flavour enhancements is salt but also, MSG is used often. Flavour enhancement added in food for the sick and elderly can improve the palatability of food and also its acceptance, slow or reverse decline in functionality, increase counts of lymphocytes, and improve the overall quality of life. It also potentially makes up for anorexia (Islam, Fagundo, & Arcelus, 2015).One study revealed that enhancement of flavour for the elderly living in a retirement home resulted in an enhanced immune status as witnessed in levels of B and T cell counts and also an improved strength in grip (Islam et al., 2015). In addition, odour and taste stimulation among the elderly has been shown to improve with an increased salivary IgA rate (Philips et al., 2015) Several factors contribute to impaired appetite among the elderly and these are often linked to the psychological and physical alterations that come with ageing. Poor appetite is significant as it increases the likelihood of a person becoming nutritionally deficient and even losing weight. Weight loss is particularly difficult to regain in elderly patients and along with nutritional deficiency, they are both associated with mortality and poor health outcomes. The nurse is in a position to quickly identify patients that have impaired appetite and can commence on interventions to help the elderly patients to enhance their appetite and increase food intake by utilizing different strategies as discussed in this paper. These strategies include flavoring food with sauces, spices, and herbs, improving the ambience of food, ensuring the patient has company while eating, serving meals that the patient has shown preference for and during regular times when the patient eats. Amplification of fo od taste and flavor using MSG can improve the palatability of the food and its acceptance as well. It can also increase the immunity and salivary flow in a patient as well as minimize oral complaints among the elderly and the sick. Flavor molecules compensate for losses in chemosensory abilities by interacting with receptors in the mouth. MSG adds taste without enhancing other tastes.   It may also be helpful to increase the patient's physical activity. Finally, the use of oral nutritional supplements may be necessitated in supporting elderly patients with acute illness and who have very low appetite. Ahmed, T., & Haboubi, N. (2010). Assessment and management of nutrition in older people and its importance to health.  Clinical Interventions in Aging,  5, 207–216. Amerine, M. A., Pangborn, R. M., & Roessler, E. B. (2013).  Principles of sensory evaluation of food. Elsevier. Bakalar, N. (2012). Sensory science: partners in flavour.  Nature,  486(7403), S4-S5. Bromley, S.M. & Doty, R.L.   (2014)Clinical disorders affecting taste: an update.   Chapter 39 in R.L. Doty (Ed),  Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation  (3rd Edition).   New York: Wiley-Liss, 2014, in press. Correia, C., Lopez, K. J., Wroblewski, K. E., Huisingh?Scheetz, M., Kern, D. W., Chen, R. C., ... & Pinto, J. M. (2016). Global sensory impairment in older adults in the United States.  Journal of the American Geriatrics Society,  64(2), 306-313. Croy, I., Nordin, S., & Hummel, T. (2014). Olfactory disorders and quality of life—an updated review.  Chemical senses,  39(3), 185-194. Doty, R. L., & Kamath, V. (2014). The influences of age on olfaction: a review.  Applied Olfactory Cognition,  5, 213-232. Drewnowski A, Almiron-Roig E.(2010) Human Perceptions and Preferences for Fat-Rich Foods. In: Montmayeur JP, le Coutre J, editors. Fat Detection: Taste, Texture, and Post Ingestive Effects. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press/Taylor & Francis; 2010. Chapter 11.  Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK53528/ Fornazieri, M. A., Borges, B. B. P., Bezerra, T. F. 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BENCHMARKING ( MEASURES AND METRICS) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

BENCHMARKING ( MEASURES AND METRICS) - Essay Example Part of this deals with the employee satisfaction analysis. Having an effectual incident management facility prepared is a significant component of the operation as well as execution of any â€Å"software, hardware, or related business process† (Knapp, 1999, p. 82). Businesses are starting to understand that communication and interactions among â€Å"system and software developers† (Malone, 2010, p. 99) and personnel carrying out incident management activities can give insights for forming enhanced infrastructure â€Å"defenses and response processes† (Malone, 2010, p. 99) to overcome or avoid harmful and illegal movement and intimidation. The central objective of incident management is to recognize, evaluate, and rectify any possible risks. Once an appropriate incident management program is put prepared, then any incidents that take place should be dealt with the accurate strategy. One of the issues to be faced in creating successful incident management ability is acknowledging the wider extent of incident management effort. It is not sufficient any longer to only ‘handle’ happenings and incidents in a technological security perspective; the company must be able to include security into all aspects of its functions. In view of the fact that incidents can have extensive outcomes and allegations having an effect on the internal defense - privacy, accessibility, reliability - of important information and resources, confidentiality of records and beyond, incident management actions can entail several factions within the company. External groups may as well be engaged, together with dogmatic bodies, law enforcement agencies, and perhaps other computer-response safety companies. Incident Management should as well maintain a record of incidents for coverage, and incorporate with other procedures to ascertain nonstop enhancement (Johnson and Help Desk Institute Staff, 2002, p. 70). The company places immense stress on the suitable rec ording, categorization, analysis, intensification, and resolution of incidents. Here, Help Desk plays the most important function, performing as the initial line of support and dynamically routing incidents to professionals as well as subject matter experts. To be completely useful, the Help Desk has to function in agreement with other sustaining processes (Rossett, 2009, p. 103). For example, if a number of incidents are traced at the same time, the Help Desk agent requires adequate data to prioritize every incident. Technology can be a very important contributing part by positioning incidents in accordance with business force and necessity. These days, several tools facilitate the mechanical recording of incidents in the Service Desk operation, but need the means to associate incidents and link them with business service levels (Ellis, 1999, p. 22). Several Help Desk solutions offer self-assistance in addition to knowledge based ability, but even if users resolve the concern thems elves, they must record the incident. This is essential, in view of the fact that the IT function can positively utilize a precise foundation of recorded incidents to assist effective process developments along other IT Service Management process lines. In addition, giving end users the facility to â€Å"log noontime critical incidents† (Info-Tech Research Group, 2003, p. 10) by means of a web enabled interface