Ankle Joint Angular Kinematics Health And Social Care Essay

Kinematic information was obtained utilizing an eight camera gesture analysis system as participants ran at 4.0ms-1+5 % , angles were created utilizing the coiling method and the six available rotary motion cardan sequences. A popular method of quantifying the angular place of a stiff dynamic frame with regard to a mention frame is via the use of independent angles known normally as cardan or Euler angles ( Schache et al. , 2001 ) . Cardan/Euler rotary motions are obtained by agencies of an ordered sequence of rotary motions ( Schache et al. , 2001 ) . Rotations are considered to happen about the axis of the section co-ordniate system. For illustration during an XYZ cardan sequence of rotary motions, the section is rotated about the X axes by an angle A, so rotates about a revolved Y ‘ by an angle B and so eventually rotated about a twice rotated Z † axes by an angle C ( Schache et al. , 2001 ) . For a given gesture, different cardan sequences can act upon the angular computations ( Cole et al. , 1993 ) . The International Society of Biomechanics ( ISB ) recommends that lower appendage angular kinematics be calculated utilizing an XYZ sequence of rotary motions, where Ten is flexion/extension, Y is abduction/adduction and Z is axial ( internal/external ) rotary motion ( Cole et al. , 1993 and Wu et al. , 2002 ) . Cole et Al ( 1993 ) based their recommendations around the apprehension that the first rotary motion should be the axis with the greatest scope of gesture, their consequences led to the recommended attack to give clinically relevant informations. However, the big sum of sagittal plane gesture during pace can encroach on the representation of motions outside the sagittal plane ( transverse talk ) , ensuing in greater than expected coronal/transverse plane articulation profiles ( Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . As such it has been proposed that the XYZ sequence when applied to rotary motions outside the sagittal plane may non be the most appropriate method. In add-on to the normally used cardanic method, coiling angles can besides be used to depict the place of one mention system with regard to another ( Woltring et al. , 1985 ) . Using this technique a place vector and an orientation vector are defined and motion from a mention place is described in footings of rotary motion along a individual projected axis. This method is considered to be stable over any imaginable joint gesture, yet it is utilised infrequently as angular gesture utilizing this technique may non match with an anatomical representation that is clinically meaningful ( Hamill and Selbie, 2004 ) . The ankle articulation plays a cardinal function in the stance stage of the pace rhythm ( Areblad et al. , 1990 and Novacheck 1998 ) . In combination with the hip and articulatio genus articulations the mortise joint facilitates motive power and transmits forces and minutes during the stance stage when the pes is regarded as the interface of the human locomotor system with the environment. Therefore, motion of the mortise joint is an of import constituent of pace mechanics and as such the right reading of its motion is indispensable in kinematic analyses. A choice figure of probes have examined the influence that the method used to cipher segmental kinematics has on the representation of segmental kinematics during pace ( Schache et al. , 2001, Kavaduna et al. , 2000, Tupling and Pierrynowski 1987, Woltring, 1991 and Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . Areblad et al. , ( 1990 ) and Cole et al. , ( 1993 ) compared ankle articulation kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and cross planes utilizing two rotary motion sequences where the first rotary motion was flexion/extension in both instances. However, these probes did non analyze the staying four rotary motion sequences and used a two camera set-up whereby the deliberate angles are sensitive to the alliance of the camera As such the most appropriate method for the finding of ankle joint kinematics during running remains unknown. This survey investigated the influence of the coiling method every bit good as the 6 available cardan sequences on ankle joint kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and cross planes.MethodEleven male participants volunteered to take portion in this probe ( age 19 + 1 old ages ; Height 176.5 + 5.2 centimeter ; Mass 78.4 + 9.0 kilogram ) . All were injury free at the clip of informations aggregation and completed an informed consent signifier. Ethical blessing for this undertaking was obtained from the School of Psychology moralss commission, University of Central Lancashire and each participant provided written consent. A statistical power analysis of pilot informations was conducted in order to cut down the likeliness of a type II mistake and find the minimal figure participants needed for this probe. It was found that the sample size was sufficient to supply more than 80 % sta tistical power in the experimental step. An eight camera gesture analysis system ( QualisysTM Medical AB, Goteburg, Sweden ) captured kinematic informations at 350Hz from each participant running at 4.0ms-1. Calibration of the QualysisTM system was performed before each information aggregation session. Only standardizations which produced mean remainders of less than 0.85 millimeter for each camera for a 750.5mm wand length and points above 4000 were accepted prior to informations aggregation. Velocity was monitored utilizing infrared photoelectric cells Newtest 300 ( Newtest, Oy Koulukatu 31 B 11 90100 Oulu Finland ) , a maximal divergence of + 5 % from the in agreement speed was allowed. Participants ran over a force platform ( Kistler, Kistler Instruments Ltd. , Alton, Hampshire, UK ; Model 9281CA ) , stance clip was determined as the clip over which 20N or greater of perpendicular force was applied to the force platform. The marker set used for the survey was based on the CAST technique ( Cappozo et al. , ( 1995 ) . Retro-reflective markers were attached to the right pes and shank in the undermentioned locations 1st and 5th metatarsal caputs, median and sidelong maleoli, median and sidelong epicondyle of the thighbone, with a tracking bunch positioned on the right shank. The tracking bunch was comprised of four 10mm spherical brooding markers mounted to a thin sheath of lightweight C fibre with a length to width ratio of 1.5-1, in conformity with the Cappozzo et al. , ( 1997 ) recommendations. A inactive test was captured to specify the pes and tibial sections, following which markers non used for tracking the sections during gesture, were removed. Kinematic parametric quantities were quantified utilizing Ocular 3-D ( C-Motion Inc, Gaithersburg, USA ) and filtered at 10 Hz utilizing a zero-lag low base on balls Butterworth 4th order filter. Five tests of ankle joint rotary motion during stance were a veraged for each participant. Angles were created utilizing the coiling method and about XYZ, ZXY, XZY, YXZ, YZX and YXZ rotary motion cardan sequences referenced to co-ordinate systems about the proximal terminal of the section, where Ten is flexion-extension ; Y is ab-adduction and is Z is internal-external rotary motion. Descriptive statistics including agencies and standard divergences were calculated for each status. Differences in stance stage extremum angles and scope ‘s of gesture were examined utilizing perennial steps ANOVA ‘s with significance accepted at the P & A ; lt ; 0.05 degree. The Mauchly ‘s sphericalness premise was violated in all instances and as such the grades of freedom of the F statistic were adjusted via the Greenhouse Geisser rectification. The Shapiro-wilk statistic for each status confirmed that the informations were usually distributed. Appropriate post-hoc analyses were conducted utilizing a Bonferroni rectification to command for type I error. Effect sizes were calculated utilizing an Eta2. Cohen ‘s suggestion sing effects sizes was observed ( little R & A ; lt ; 0.3 ; medium R & A ; gt ; 0.3 and & A ; lt ; 0.5 ; big & A ; gt ; 0.5 ) . All statistical processs were conducted utilizing SPSS 17.0.ConsequenceFigure 1 presents the average 3-D angular kinematics of the ankle articulation during the stance stage. Tables 1 and 2 present scopes of gesture and peak angles observed in all three planes of rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence.Table1: Mean ( and standard divergence ) scope of gesture ( deg ) for each rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence ( * = important ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) chief consequence ) n=11.@ @ @ Table 1 near here @ @ @Table 2: Mean ( and standard divergence extremum values ) ( deg ) for each rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence ( * = important ( p & A ; lt ; 0.05 ) chief consequence ) n=11.@ @ @ Table 2 near here @ @ @The consequences indicate that important scope of gesture chief effects were observed for the coronal F ( 1.85, 16.66 ) = 10.04, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2= 0.53 and cross plane F ( 2.04, 18.39 ) =21.91, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2=0.71. Post-hoc analyses revealed that both coronal and cross plane ROM utilizing the YXZ and ZXY sequences was significantly greater than the others. Furthermore , it was besides observed that extremum angle chief effects were found for the coronal F ( 2.28, 20.48 ) = 82.99, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2=0.90 and transverse planes F ( 2.08, 18.72 ) = 80.49, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2= 0.90. Post-hoc analyses revealed that peak coronal and cross plane angles utilizing the YXZ sequence were significantly greater than the others.@ @ @ @ Figure 1 near here @ @ @ @Figure 1: Representative mortise joint articulation kinematics in the a. sagittal, b. wreath and c. transverse planes as a map of cardan sequence.DiscussionEuler/Cardan angles are used extensively within the Fieldss of clinical and sport biomechanics. To day of the month the consequence of changing the sequence of rotary motions has yet to be to the full investigated with regard to the ankle articulation composite ( Areblad et al. , 1990 ) . The intent of the current probe was to analyze the grade of sequence dependence associated with the cardanic method when depicting 3-D kinematics of the mor tise joint.The consequences indicate that changing the sequence of rotary motions when detecting kinematics in the sagittal plane has no important affect on joint scope of gesture parametric quantities. This is unsurprising given the laterality of sagittal plane gesture pace ( Novacheck, 1998 ) . This concurs with the bulk of literature with respects to sequence dependent angles as the wreath and cross plane motions are little in comparing to the sagittal plane and therefore the potency for two-dimensional cross-talk is minimum ( Areblad et al. , 1990 and Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . Leading to the decision that choosing the appropriate sequence of rotary motions is non an issue when look intoing kinematics in the sagittal plane. However, for the coronal and cross planes a important consequence was found in footings of both the scope of gesture and peak angle observed during the stance stage. The consequences of this survey with regard to the mortise joint articulation found that the ZXY and YXZ sequences significantly affected ankle joint kinematics bring forthing highly big values for both scope of gesture and peak angles. The mistake associated with these sequences is such that the kinematic estimations are anatomically unrealistic. It is interesting to observe that the two combinations which were observed to be significantly different from the others ( YXZ and ZXY ) each had X 2nd in the order of rotary motions. This was the instance even when the principal axis under probe is placed foremost, where it could be assumed that the comparative orientation ( of the chief axis ) would be minimally affected by the grade of sagittal plane gesture holding been placed before it in the sequence. However, when the wreath and cross plane profiles are observed it is evident that peak angles occur at or around maximal dorsi-flexion. Thus it appears to back up the being of two-dimensional cross-talk, and concurs with the findings of ( Thewlis et al. , 2008, Kabada et al. , 1990 and Blankevoort et al. , 1988 ) . However when X is placed last in the order of rotary motions it has small consequence on the magnitude of the and the coronal and cross plane articulation profiles appear to be independent to motion in the sagittal plan e. These consequences appear to oppose those reported by Areblad et al. , ( 1990 ) who reported that changing the sequence of rotary motions has merely a little influence on the angular computations. However nevertheless, observation of the angular profiles and statistical informations suggests that there appears to be minimum transverse talk from the sagittal plane in informations which uses the XYZ sequence to cipher coronal and cross plane kinematics. Another, proposed method of quantifying angular kinematics is to see the principal axis under probe. Whereby the sequence of rotary motions is selected based on the plane being considered, with X placed last during coronal and cross plane rotary motions to cut down its weighting and rarefy cross-talk ( Richards et al. , 2008 ) . This method may hold virtue and could function as an option to the ISB method as the consequences suggest that cross talk is minimum utilizing this technique, but future probes are necessary to find whether it p rovides any extra benefits to the XYZ sequence. It is clear from the consequences that different computational methods can give different angular kinematic forms. Based on these consequences it appears that at the current clip the ISB recommendations are the most appropriate for the representation of ankle joint kinematics during the stance stage of running, and as such its usage is encouraged. The findings may hold wider deductions for research workers utilizing Cardan angles as portion of their kinematic informations decrease protocol. In add-on the consequences suggest that the YXZ and ZXY sequences produce the greatest mistake and therefore the use of these sequences to quantify ankle gesture outside the sagittal plane is strongly discouraged. This survey emphasizes the demand for new methods which allow angular kinematics to be measured accurately. Therefore, guaranting joint map is represented right.

Andrew Wakefield and the Mmr Autism Fraud

ANDREW WAKEFIELD AND THE MMR AUTISM FRAUD In February 1998, Dr. Andrew Wakefield, a British gastroenterologist, published a research paper in which he linked autism and bowel disease to the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine – creating a public health crisis in England and raising questions about vaccine safety in North America. Additional studies have since shown that the data presented was fraudulent, and after ten years of controversy and investigation, Dr. Wakefield was discredited, his licence revoked and his research discarded.The damage, however, had been done – vaccination rates in the industrialized world are down to such an extent that it has brought back diseases that have not been seen for decades. The article in the British medical journal The Lancet claimed that the three-in-one measles, mumps and rubella vaccine (MMR) was causing inflammatory bowel syndrome and brain damage in children. The five-page paper, which was backed by a press conference, p rovoked substantial media interest. Dr.Wakefield reported on twelve cases of children with what he called â€Å"regressive autism†, who had been admitted to the Royal Free Hospital in Hampstead (London) between July 1996 and February 1997, all within 14 days of receiving the MMR vaccine. These previously healthy children, the study claimed, suddenly lost basic language and communication skills. Wakefield theorized that the three vaccines, given together, can alter a child’s immune system, allowing the measles virus in the vaccine to infiltrate the intestines; certain proteins, escaping from the intestines, could then reach and harm neurons in the brain. It's a moral issue for me,† he announced at the 1998 press conference, where he advocated breaking up the triple MMR vaccine into single measles, mumps and rubella shots, to be given at yearly intervals. â€Å"I can't support the continued use of these three vaccines, given in combination,† he said, â€Å" until this issue has been resolved. † As the doctor campaigned, vaccination rates in the UK and Ireland dropped sharply. Wakefield supporters even involved Prime Minister Tony Blair by suggesting that his youngest son was not vaccinated with MMR.Although at the time, Mr. Blair refused to discuss the issue for privacy reasons, he did say that, â€Å"For the record, Cherie and I both entirely support the advice, as we have consistently said. It is not true that we believe the MMR vaccine to be dangerous or believe that it is better to have separate injections, or believe that it is linked to autism. On the contrary, the vaccine, which is used throughout the world, helps prevent the spread of diseases that can, if contracted, cause very serious damage to children. It was later confirmed that Leo Blair had been inoculated. In November 2000, Wakefield appeared on CBS’ 60 Minutes, linking the â€Å"epidemic of autism† to the MMR vaccine. This set off a spiral of theor ies that all vaccines are suspect: either due to their content, or because children receive too many of them at the same time. The US movement attracted celebrities such as actress Jenny McCarthy, who blamed MMR for her own son’s autism. â€Å"In 1983 the shot schedule was ten. That's when autism was one in 10,000. Now there's 36, and autism is one in 150,† she argued. All arrows point to one direction. † Although the number of children diagnosed with autism has increased dramatically over the last twenty years, it is difficult to say if this is due to improved diagnostic practices or an actual increased prevalence of the disease. Several major studies, however, have ruled out a link with vaccines: †¢The October 2004 edition of Vaccine published a meta review that looked at 120 studies to assess potential side effects of the MMR vaccine. The authors concluded that a connection between MMR and autism is â€Å"unlikely†. A 2005 study compared autism rat es in Japan before and after 1993, when the triple MMR vaccine was broken into three separate vaccines that are administered at different times. It was found that autism is still on the rise. †¢In October 2005, the Cochrance Library published a review of 31 scientific studies, none of which found a link between MMR and either autism or bowel disease. Similarly, a 2007 review of independent studies performed after Wakefield’s publication in the Lancet demonstrated overwhelming evidence against the hypothesis of associating MMR with autism.In addition to the overwhelming scientific evidence contradicting Wakefield’s claims, British journalist Brian Deer discovered that in fact, the research had been funded to create evidence against the MMR vaccine. Wakefield had concealed, misreported and changed information about the children in his study. It turned out that two years before embarking on his â€Å"research†, he had been hired by a lawyer who planned to make big money from several class action lawsuits against companies manufacturing the triple MMR vaccine. â€Å"I have mentioned to you before hat the prime objective is to produce unassailable evidence in court so as to convince a court that these vaccines are dangerous,† the lawyer reminded the doctor in a confidential letter, six months before the Lancet report. The Sunday Times investigation also discovered that in June 1997, Wakefield had filed for a patent on a single measles vaccine – for the success of which he needed to discredit the triple MMR. After the fraud came to light in February 2004, the Lancet retracted the conclusion section of the report (they would eventually retract the whole article in 2010).From July 2007 to May 2010, the General Medical Council conducted the longest ever professional misconduct hearing. Eventually, they revoked Dr. Wakefield’s medical licence, citing medical, scientific and ethical misconduct. So why do parents still believ e in Wakefield’s hypothesis? Probably because anecdotes are more satisfying than scientific methodology, and the media are very good at telling the bad story and very bad at telling the real story. In the UK and Ireland, fueled by sensationalist media coverage, MMR uptake levels between 1998 and 2008 dropped from 92 percent to 73 percent. 5 percent vaccine uptake levels are required for herd immunity (i. e. , the point when diseases cannot spread in a population). In 2008, measles was declared endemic again in the UK. There were a total of 1,348 cases that year, up 36 per cent from the previous year and up a staggering 2,400 per cent from 1998, when there were just 56 cases. In 2006 a 13-year-old boy became the first person to die of measles in Britain since 1992, with a second child dying in 2008. In the United States, the herd immunity is crumbling as states make it easier for parents to opt out of the vaccinations that are usually required to enroll in school.A study publi shed in the journal Pediatrics (2010) by researchers from the University of Michigan showed that 12 percent of parents have refused at least one recommended vaccine for their children. As a result, diseases such as whooping cough and measles are making a comeback. In 2010, 9,500 cases of whooping cough were reported in California, the most in 65 years. Ten patients died, all of them infants too young to be vaccinated. And even though measles was declared eliminated in the US in 2000, 2011 saw the highest number of measles cases in 15 years. None of these cases resulted in death, but one out of three people had to be hospitalized.This then is Andrew Wakefield’s legacy – an elaborate hoax for financial gain that has set back the medical clock 100 years for millions of children whose parents refuse to accept overwhelming and sound scientific evidence and would rather expose them to the very real dangers of infectious disease. Another casualty, ironically, is autism itself . Significant time, energy and financial resources were wasted that could have been spent on research and developing new treatments. Mr. Wakefield has taken up residence in an affluent suburb of Austin, Texas. Although not allowed to practice medicine, he still lectures to an adoring audience. To our community, Andrew Wakefield is Nelson Mandela and Jesus Christ rolled up into one,† according to J. B. Handley of Generation Rescue. The WHO estimates that 380 people die of measles every day. ? SOURCES: Ahmed, Kamal. â€Å"Blair Baby ‘Has Had' MMR Jab. † The Guardian 23 December 2001. Asaithambi, Rathi. â€Å"Time to Get Tough on Vaccine Refusal. † Baltimore Sun 11 April 2012. Chivers, Tom. â€Å"MMR – Autism Scare: So, Farewell Then, Dr Andrew Wakefield. † The Telegraph 24 May 2010. Deer, Brian. â€Å"MMR: The Truth behind the Crisis. † The Sunday Times 14 November 2004. Deer, Brian. Revealed: MMR Research Scandal. † The Sunday Time s 22 February 2004. DeStefano, F. â€Å"Vaccines and Autism: Evidence Does Not Support a Causal Association. † Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics December 2007: 756-759. Dominus, Susan. â€Å"The Crash and Burn of an Autism Guru. † The New York Times 20 April 2011. Freeper, Berlin. â€Å"The Autism Vaccine Hoax. † The Wall Street Journal 8 January 2011. Mascarelli, Amanda. â€Å"Vaccine Opt-Outs Causing Breaks in ‘Herd Immunity'. † Los Angeles Times 5 August 2011. Sifferlin, Alexandria. â€Å"Measles: 2011 Was the Worst in the U. S. in 15 Years. † Time 19 April 2012.

Bigger Thomas A Tragic Hero

When analyzing Bigger Thomas, Richard Wright’s protagonist in the novel Native Son, one must take into consideration the development of his characterization. Being a poor twenty-year-old Black man in the south side of Chicago living with his family in a cramped one- bedroom apartment in the 1930’s, the odds of him prospering in life were not in his favor. Filled with oppression, violence, and tragedy, Bigger Thomas’ life was doomed from the moment he was born. Through the novel, Bigger divulges his own dreams to provide for his family and to be anything but a â€Å"nobody. Although Bigger struggled to fight through obstacles to pursue his dreams for the future, his chase for a better life came to an abrupt halt after the tragic accidental murder of his employer’s white daughter. Bigger Thomas fits the definition of a tragic hero, considering he is the protagonist of Native Son that experiences tragedy throughout the novel. Along with tragedy, Bigger also undergoes change as the novel progresses. By the end Bigger’s life story, he is able to change into a man that is no longer consumed through the fear in his heart. Due to his characteristics, Bigger Thomas can be compared to Willy Loman in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman. Both characters are tragic heroes that are related by their struggles through tragedy and changes they undergo throughout their lives. By comparing the two characters, one can solidify the importance of both characters because of their tragedies they experience. In the beginning of Native Son’s book one: Fear, one is able to realize that Bigger Thomas’s fate looms in the hands of his environment. He did not choose to live a life of poverty in the â€Å"Black Belt† of south side Chicago. This life was forced upon him. On page 20 of the novel, foreshadowing occurs as Bigger chats with his friend Gus about his future. He says, â€Å"Every time I get to thinking about me being black and they being white, me being here and they being there, I feel like something awful’s going to happen to me† (Wright 20). He displays a defeatist attitude that he further explains as he talks to Gus. He explains his reasoning as he questions, â€Å"Why they make us live in one corner of the city? Why don’t they let us fly planes and run ships? †(Wright 20). As a result of this conversation, the reader is able to identify that Bigger goes through his life feeling defeated. He has minimal hope for his future as he lives in fear that something awful will happen to him due to the color of his skin and where he lives. Although one may argue that Bigger is a negative person who uses the color of his skin to justify his evils, this is not the case considering Bigger constantly is oppressed by his environment and lacks options in his life. The white people that surround Bigger give him no hope to prosper thus creating a tragic existence from the start. It is not until Bigger gets a job offer from a rich white philanthropist, Mr. Dalton that his life may be able to turn around for the better. Unfortunately for Bigger, this opportunity does just the opposite. While accepting a job as a chauffer for the Dalton family, Bigger becomes optimistic about his current situation. Instead of constantly letting his mother and siblings down, he is now able to provide for them through this job by granting them $20 from his salary each week. Although the job acquired little skill, Bigger was satisfied that through this job, he could be less of a â€Å"nobody. While reflecting on this new chapter in his life, Bigger expressed, â€Å"This would be an easy life. Everything was all right, except that girl† (Wright 59). The girl that worried Bigger was Mary Dalton, Mr. Dalton’s free spirited daughter that constantly challenged Bigger’s patience and authority. Their first encounter left Bigger skeptical of Mary Dalton’s motives. By their second encounter, Bigger was blatantly fearful that Mary would cause him to lose his job. During their second encounter, Bigger is ordered to chauffer Miss Dalton to the University for her nightly class. Unfortunately to Bigger’s surprise, Miss Dalton has another set of plans. She tells Bigger, â€Å"I think I can trust you† (Wright 64) in order to toy with his emotions and disobey his boss’ orders as Bigger, Mary, and Mary’s communist boyfriend Jan Erlone take the car out for a night in the loop. After a rousing evening on the town filled with booze and conversations about communism that left Bigger offended and ashamed to be black, it became Bigger’s duty to make sure that Mary was placed safely in her bed after being too intoxicated to stand on her own. Because Bigger strives to obey his boss, he feels inclined to personally place Mary in her own room in order to avoid trouble. This shows that Bigger Thomas took Mary to her bedroom with no intention of causing any problems in his new workplace reminding the reader that Bigger is not an evil human being, just a product of his environment. After being in Mary’s bedroom, Bigger decided to overstay his welcome due to his curious arousal with white women. To Bigger’s surprise, â€Å"a hysterical terror seized him† (Wright 85) as Mrs. Dalton makes an appearance in Mary’s bedroom to check on her daughter. Bigger automatically assumed that if he was caught in Mary Dalton’s bedroom at an odd hour of the night he would be immediately fired and accused of raping a white woman that could ruin his already tragic life forever. Due to her blindness, Bigger was not seen immediately, but he realized if Mary kept mumbling, Mrs. Dalton would make her way to the bed and eventually feel Bigger laying next to her. Out of pure fear, Bigger reacts irrationally as he suffocates Mary Dalton with a pillow in order to keep her quiet. Fear is what provoked the irrational response that killed Mary Dalton and turned Bigger Thomas’ life into a series of tragic events. In Malcolm Cowley’s scholarly article, Richard Wright: The Case of Bigger Thomas, he reminds the reader that despite his monstrous actions towards Mary Dalton, he is not the one to be blamed. Cowley makes the point that Bigger, â€Å"has been trained from the beginning to be a bad citizen. He had been taught American ideals of life†¦but had been denied the means of achieving them† (Cowley 113). Cowley’s observation justifies that Bigger reacted as a product of his environment that constantly taught him to be a bad citizen because he had no way to achieve the kind of life he would hope for. This provokes even more tragedy in Bigger’s life. Through the accidental murder of Mary Dalton, a tragic hero arose in the form of Bigger Thomas. This tragic hero was born out of pure fear for the white man, but as the novel progressed, the fear of oppression slowly left the tragic hero as he vows to no longer live in fear. After Bigger Thomas’ accidental murder of Mary Dalton, Bigger’s life turns into a wild goose chase where he is forced to hide out until being caught by Chicago authorities. While awaiting his trial, certain to face death, Bigger meets the man that will defend his case. The defendant Max, a white communist decides to take on Bigger Thomas’ case in order to show white people the oppressive lifestyles black people were forced to survive on every day. At first Bigger was skeptical about a white man volunteering to defend a black man accused of murder and rape. He questioned, â€Å"Why would Max isk that white tide of hate to help him† (Wright 420). He is shocked that a white man would defend a black man out of the goodness of his heart. Max asks Bigger questions that remind Bigger that he is a human being among everyone else despite his race. At this point it does not matter to Bigger if Max saves his life, because Max has made him mature mentally and undergo change. After recounting a conversation where Max asked Bigger questions about what he wanted to do with his future, he expresses to Max, â€Å" (you) asked me questions nobody ever asked me before. You knew that I was a murderer two times over, but you treated me like a human† (Wright 424). After Max assures Bigger that he is a human, Bigger transforms his way of looking at life. Instead of feeling constantly oppressed, Bigger believes that he is a human that deserves a future much like everyone else despite the color of his skin. Instead of accepting his death sentence, Bigger realizes that he has the urge to live his life as a human that possesses the ability to have a future. As Max reassures him, â€Å"you’re human, Bigger† (Wright 424) Bigger comes to a change in his heart. He realizes that the fear he has sustained from the white people that constantly suppress him comes from his own thoughts. He now believes in himself as an individual that no longer lives in fear. Because of this, Bigger is able to accept his death sentence and change his outlook on life. Unfortunately, this change came too late in his existence to matter. Although Bigger loses the battle with life, he ultimately wins the battle with the color of his skin after accepting that he is just as human as Max, his defendant. In James Baldwin’s article, â€Å"Many Thousand Gone- Twentieth Century Interpretations of Native Son,† Baldwin explains his interpretation of Bigger Thomas’ battle within Native son. He explains, â€Å"In this case the force of circumstance is not poverty merely, but color a circumstance which cannot be overcome, against which the protagonist battles for his life and loses† (Baldwin 53). This statement is not accurate considering a battle is not lost. Even though Bigger Thomas is sentenced to death, he is able to end his life with peace of mind knowing that he can die as a human without fear. The change Bigger Thomas has undergone shows that Bigger has overcome his oppression thus winning his battle. After reading Native Son, the protagonist Bigger Thomas resembled another tragic hero from the play, Death of a Salesman. By comparing Willy Loman, the protagonist of Death of a Salesman to Bigger Thomas, one can tell how similar their characters are although they have been created in different time periods and environments. Both Bigger and Willy are lost souls trying to give meaning to their ultimately meaningless lives. As a result of their self made pressure to have a purpose in life, they both are not well liked by their friends. After divulging a plan to rob a store owned by a white person, Bigger gives his friends Gus, G. H. , and Jack strict instructions to meet together at a specific time. When Gus shows up to their meeting spot late, Bigger is outraged. He cusses at his friends and resorts to physical harm due to his anger. While his friends watch Bigger self-destruct into a man of rage, G. H. lets bigger know that, â€Å"You done spoiled things now† (Wright 40). Not only had Bigger spoiled the plan to rob the store, but Bigger had also spoiled his friendships as all three men leave him to wallow in his rage alone. A similar situation occurs in Death of a Salesman as Willy Loman receives a friendly visit with his friend Charley. Since both men were unable to sleep, they decided that a quick game of cards would be a sufficient outlet for their energy. While playing cards, Willy develops a hostile attitude towards Charley and constantly insults him on his choice of eating habits and card playing abilities. After Charley accuses Willy of cheating during their game, Willy evolves into a rage-infested tyrant and orders his friend to leave. Charley retorts, â€Å"You ought to be ashamed of yourself† (Miller 1252) and storms out the door. This instance compares to Bigger Thomas’ uproar with his friends considering both outbursts led to their friends leaving them to wallow in their own anger. In addition to not being well liked, both Willy Loman and Bigger Thomas live in constant fear throughout their stories. As a mediocre salesman, Willy Loman spends his days fearing that he is not successful enough to provide for his family. Because of this looming fear to be successful, Willy often lies to his family about his job in sales to make himself seem far superior to who he really is. For example, while Willy explains to his wife, Linda about the money he has made on one of his sales trips, he exaggerates the amount of money he made. This lie would have been unnoticed if Linda did not ask Willy to pay for the reparations of their leaky roof. When Linda asks him to pay, Willy exclaims, â€Å"A hundred and twenty dollars! My god, if business don’t pick up I don’t know what I’m gonna do† (Miller 1247). The shame Willy feels because he is unable to pay for the roof reparations directly correlates to the constant fear Willy has to become successful for his family. Bigger Thomas is also a character that constantly lives in fear. This fear is shown when Bigger is explaining to his lawyer Max about how whites have all the power and Bigger fears that because of this, his life will not amount to anything. He tells Max, â€Å"Well they own everything. They choke you off the face of the earth, they like god†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wright 353). Since Bigger believes that white people control everything he fears that nothing can be done to make his life meaningful. Both Bigger Thomas and Willy Loman possess similar qualities that show are comparable through their lack of ability to make friends throughout their fear ridden lives. Through Bigger Thomas’ life of oppression, violence, and tragedy, one is able to tell that he struggles with the hopes of becoming anything but a â€Å"nobody. † Being the protagonist of a tragic novel, Bigger possesses the qualities of a tragic hero. Even though his life is cut short due to the tragic accidental murder of Mary Dalton, his boss’ wild daughter, Bigger is able to go through a change that brings him peace of mind as he awaits his sentence to die. Being a product of his environment, Bigger constantly lived in fear of the white man. With the help of his lawyer Max, Bigger was able to undergo change and realize that he too was a human that had no need to live in fear. Drawing from specific scenes from the text, Bigger Thomas can be compared to Willy Loman, the protagonist in the play, Death of a Salesman. Their characters were both inflicted with fear throughout their lives that eventually ended in tragedy for both characters. Works Cited Arthur Miller Death of a Salesman.

CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CAMPAIGNS AND ELECTIONS - Essay Example Their contribution leveled off the deficit in hard money collection. The difference in soft money collection between the two parties, however, was insignificant. The Republicans hard money figures doubled the Democrats figures since 1987 to 2002. The gap narrowed in the year 2003. During the period between 2009 and 2010, democrats raised more hard money compared to Republicans. For the period between 2011 and 2012, the figures were relatively equal (Center for Responsive Politics 1). Soft money figures for Republicans were slightly higher Democrats’ figures over the years. The PACs gave to both the parties ,it is noted that at no instant the percentage contributions to the Democrats is a hundred percent, this shows that even the republicans had a share however little it was. The Democrats did better than Republicans did because the party preference expanded. Growth in party emanated from the public perception of poor job performance by the incumbent republican president. The Iraq war in addition to the federal response by the incumbent to Hurrican Katrinan also explains the reason for the low contribution

Impact of employee harassment on medical facilities within the United Research Paper

Impact of employee harassment on medical facilities within the United States - Research Paper Example It is evident from the study that in the United States, cases of workplace harassment has been on the rise over the past several years despite enactment of laws with stiff penalties against any employers found to be involved in acts of employee harassment. These harassments may take the form of sexual harassment, racial harassment/discrimination, religious discrimination, gender-based discrimination, age, and/or disability harassment. Researchers suggest that workplace or employee harassment has become an irritating issues and a matter of national concern. It is seen as causing more harm than any other thing in the universe. Evidence has revealed that effects of employment harassment are so severe and the hardships are not in any way pretty. According to Yamada David, a Professor at Suffolk University Law school in Boston argues that the victims of employment or workplace harassment suffer from both psychological and physical conditions, which could sometimes lead to deaths or suicid es. Employee harassment includes a range of behaviors that undermine the morale, dignity, respect, and safety of groups or persons that are involved in one way or the other in an employment situation. It can be perpetrated by an employee against a fellow employee, or an employer against an employee and vice versa. The B.C Council considers employee harassment to be visual, physical or verbal conduct that has an unreasonably effect of interfering with a group’s or individual’s performance or ability to carry on with their duty. ... It mainly examines the various types of employee harassments, their causes, and effects on victims, consequences on the perpetrators, and how it has affected health facilities. The type of employee harassment that this study will mainly focus on is sex and gender based harassment, old age and disability harassment. Discussion When looking at employee harassment especially at the workplace, it worth if the focus is based on a specific harassment type. In this scenario, employee sexual harassment and gender-based harassment has been chosen as ideal for investigating the impact of such diseases and threats on the country’s economy. In America today, sexual harassment in the workplace is a very common thing among women and men as well. According to the ABC News polls, at least one in every four women has at some point in their life experience workplace or employee sexual harassment. In every ten men, at least one man has also experience this traumatic vice of workplace or employee sexual harassment at some point in their lifestyles. A number of men also claim that it is a concern for them that they may sometimes be accused false for sexual harassment. This matter seems to be of concern to very many Americans just because of it health, physical and psychological effects that it has on the victims. A research conducted by Julian Barling and Hershcovis of the Queen’s University in Ontario evaluated about 120 studies that were carried in over 21 years across the U.S. involving consequences and effects of employee or workplace harassment and aggression including sexual harassment. These two focused their research on the workplace harassment including things such as supervisor and co-worker satisfaction, job satisfaction, intent

Health & Healing in Cross Cultural Perspective Essay - 2

Health & Healing in Cross Cultural Perspective - Essay Example The fact remains that the origin of the Non-Western Healing System is not really known. It is the origin of the individual practices of the Non-Western Healing System that are known and this would be established in this section. Acupuncture has its root in China; Ayurvedic medicine can be traced to India, Kampo medicine originated from Japan, homeopathy can be traced to a German physician, Samuel Hahnemann, osteopathy, naturopathy and chiropractic can be traced to the United States of America. Other forms of Non-Western Healing System have been traced to the cradle of civilization, Egypt. Thus, Non-Western Healing System does not have a direct root or origin . The Non-Western Healing System treats and/or heal diseases that Western Healing System has not recorded real success in taking care of. The Non-Western Healing System have proven to be the best remedy for treating certain types of cancer, treatment of osteoarthritis, infertility, stimulation of the immune and nervous system, re pair of the bones, digitalis, hypertension, heart failure and chronic back pain. The aforementioned illnesses or diseases are not the only type of ailments that the Non-Western Healing System treat and/or heal as they take care of a wide range of illnesses that have not even been mentioned. This shows the extent at which the Non-Western Healing System have helped to improve the quality of health care to citizens of the world and no wonder it has gained a wide acceptance by most people that were initially used to the Western Healing System (Winkelman). The practitioners of the Non-Western Healing System are people that have made ground-breaking research in order to come out with an extensive method of treatment that has benefited and is still benefitting the whole world (Chen 39). Some of the practitioners of the Non-Western Healing System were born into it, as the practice of this system of healing is in their bloodline. Practitioners of this healing system in countries like China a re actually born into it. There are some practitioners of the system that actually achieve the position through some specific experience. There are even cases that some practitioners have been reported to have received divine wisdom from a divine power that changed their lives forever and gave them the necessary skills to contribute their quota to the Non-Western Healing Systems. It was not until recently that people have been made to receive identical training with Doctors of Medicine and this is actually because of licensing. People have been made to receive formal training in the fields of osteopathy, chiropractic, Thus, Non-Western Healing System has been expanded in such a way that the practitioners achieve their position through research and education. Acupuncture, which seemed to be the most systematically researched and recorded Non-Western Healing practice also has some of its practitioners receiving some sort of formal training (Winkelman). Based on my study of the Non-Wes tern Healing System, there are some issues that needs to be understood by biomedical doctors if they are also treating the same patients in US hospitals. Two of these issues shall be addressed in this paragraph. One of these issues is that,

Assisted Suicide Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assisted Suicide - Term Paper Example Center of discussion in this paper is an assisted suicide, a concept that is facing much controversy in legal and ethical terms. Patients who are suffering from terminal illness or unbearable pain ask their doctors to end their lives and relieve them of their suffering. This is called doctor-assisted suicide. Forman writes that the concept of assisted suicide is common to euthanasia which literally means good death. He states that, â€Å"Assisted suicide, in which a doctor or a family member takes active steps to end another person’s life, is another form of euthanasia†. There is a thought that such a practice is a blessing for those who are suffering from endless pain that cannot be lessened even with the use of medicine or years of treatment. Some patients think that they have a right to make a decision about their life and opting for a more dignified death. Thus, they go for assisted suicide or passive euthanasia. Individual’s consent matters the most. In the other case, obviously, it becomes a murder. But if the patient agrees, then his informed consent matters a lot. After all, it is he who is suffering from all the pain and distress. However, legislators have a controversial view on the issue. They think that assisted suicide should not be legalized even with the individual’s consent. According to Forman, Oregon passed the Death with Dignity Act in 1997, which legalized the physician-assisted suicide, but later the Act was challenged by the Federal Authorities and was argued in the Supreme Court in 2005. In 2006, the decision was in its favor. United States legalizes passive euthanasia and terminally ill people are given the choice to refuse medical treatments that are doing nothing to improve their conditions and are only prolonging their illnesses. In my perspective, assisted suicide should be legalized with the individual’s consent under extreme conditions like when he is suffering from terminal illness with extreme pain. Methods used As illustrated earlier, the most common form of assisted suicide is the doctor-assisted suicide. Under this form, the terminally ill person, with his consent, is made to undergo processes like overmedication. Panzer states that, â€Å"One method of hastening death used by physicians, nurses and even family members is to administer overly high dosages of narcotics, sedatives or antidepressants when the patient has no need for them.† Inappropriately high doses of narcotics and sedatives result in respiratory depression which stops breathing and causes death to occur. Lethal injections are also used to hasten death and this is the more humane method, according to me. High doses of morphine are also given. Many doctors report that they gave high doses of morphine to the patient after telling him that the aim is to hasten the end of life and eliminate his pain forever. Hence, the primary aim is never to kill and to get relieved ourselves, but to help the patient to die an easy death and relieve him of his pain. My perspective It is a very hard task to decide whether or not to take a patient’s life deliberately. However, in some extreme conditions, it is appropriate to take the patient’s consent and give his choice priority. Consider a patient with a deadly disease or cruel debility which has made his life so unbearable and so troublesome with pain that pleasing, significant, focused survival has ceased to exist. If such a patient says himself, â€Å"I am unable to bear this pain. This is becoming intolerable for me and I no longer want to become a burden on my family. Please relieve me of this torment.† After considering all alternatives, I think it would be wise for the physician to respect and honor his choice of dignified death. The role of the physician is to do what is in the best interest of the patient, and sometimes it becomes better for the patient to die instead of living in torment and despair when there is

Popular Music and Its Use in Propaganda Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Popular Music and Its Use in Propaganda - Essay Example The observation was also conveyed that pictures of violence are prominent in song descriptions especially for the rock genre. The report was purportedly to show the destructive repercussion of popular music on the juveniles. (Music's Deadly Influence. August 3, 1999. CWA Concerned Women for America. [internet]). Another paper says that on a daily average, two and a half hours are being spent by teenagers listening to music more than half of which containing allusions to drugs and alcohol. (Parker-Pope, Tara. Under the Influence of...Music February 5, 2008. The New York Times. [internet]). How popular music sways the human individual was once explained by the philosopher and composer Theodor W. Adorno in that mass habitual listening first results into the tune being first perceived, then recognized and finally accepted. That cycle finally ends singly in acceptance and becomes a way of everyday life. It was on this premises that Adorno, together with his friend Max Horkheimer, likewise a philosopher, strongly argued against the aspect of popular music having the tendency to be used for propaganda purposes. (Adorno, Theodor W. assisted by George Simpson. Theory about the listener. Institute of Social Research. New York. 1941. soundscapes.infor [internet]). Music is admittedly universal and is estimated to have started its development as early as fifty thousand years ago in Africa and must have undergone numerous evolutions as generations come and go. (History of classical music traditions. Wikipedia. [internet]). Naturally, genres and styles likewise crop up and fizzle out. Music itself in general could have already been used in announcements, declarations and in other forms of communications for thousands of years, that is, even before the emergence of pop culture. Known is the fact that music has been historically linked with political and social activities, including dynamics in expressions such as those pertaining to anti-war themes, patriotic songs and other varieties of delivering a message. In these instances, since the object is the people, the song or music must be one readily acceptable by the masses. (Music and politics. Wikipedia. [internet]). In the specific case of popular music, if indeed it is a valuable tool for propa ganda, then its use for that purpose must have already traversed the period from the middle of the 1950's or even before and up to the present. Presidential candidates in the United States of America have oftentimes used well-known songs in their political campaign or propaganda. The themes can vary from political platform or planned programs of government to direct or subtle character assassination against the adversaries. Music in politics has been used even during the time of George Washington, the first president, whose supporters had flutes blown out while rejoicing when the general was unanimously nominated. John Adams and Thomas Jefferson had also their campaign songs, ironically composed by the same talent, in the election of 1800. Eisenhower, Franklin Roosevelt and John Quincy Adams likewise had their own. William Henry Harrison famously campaigned with the song entitled Tippercanoe and Tyler, Too; he had other songs for his political advertising one of which attacked Martin Van Buren as someone like Satan. Franklin Roosevelt

Marketing Plan For NCR Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing Plan For NCR - Research Paper Example Monopolists also need to increase awareness of their goods to the market. This is because; if they introduce new products to the market, they will only make it known to the consumers by marketing it. Thus, every business in the economy markets its products and services to the public. In order to market products effectively, a business needs to prepare a marketing plan that will guide it to achieve its objectives. The marketing plan for NCR Company focuses on the way in which it can attract new clients for its services. The plan will analyze the company’s market, its competitive environment and the financial market. The Mission of the marketing plan is to work on diversifying the services offered in order to increase the number of clients served by the company. The company also has a number of goals and objectives that guide it. The company aims at ensuring that the quality of services offered has increased, and the customer base has been improved. In addition, the company also aims at ensuring that customer satisfaction has increased and, that the company’s profits have increased. The industrial analysis of the market can be judged as wide and mostly composed of investors and established people in the market seeking credit offers. The major needs of the market include loans, credit and funds at a lower interest rate. In addition, the market also demands financial advice from the company. Individuals need to be advised on how to make sound investment decisions. The market trend can be given as rising and smooth. A smooth market trend implies that governments have implemented favorable fiscal and monetary policies. On the other hand, it also implies that supply and demand forces are attractive and normal. Therefore, it implies that the business can regulate its prices and consequently affect customer purchases. Therefore, the business can be able to predict the future of its operations. The analysis of the porters 5 Forces, the threat of new entrant s is the major force affecting the industry. This is because; there are many potential industries that are joining the finance industry. In addition, since there are no barriers to entry, it is very easy for other business to join the industry and increase competition. On the other hand, the threat of substitute products and services is very low since; all businesses in the industries deal with the same products and services. Therefore, the business faces very low competition from substitute products. The bargaining power of both suppliers and buyers is high since, buyers bargain for low fee for services offered while, suppliers bargain for high prices for the services that they offered. Market Analysis The targeted market includes customers that want to invest in the market (Luther,  2001). It also includes customers that business organizations that are normally engaged investment activities. On the other hand, all customers wishing to obtain funds on credit also form part of the target market. The company mainly targets people in the urban areas or highly industrious places. This is because; it is in the urban areas that there is a high demand for finances. In addition, in the urban areas there are many business organizations that are willing to borrow funds on credit in order to expend their operations. Statistics show that; approximately 2500 business organizations are targeted by the business and 5000 business individuals. There are also other miscellaneous additions that involve individuals and businesses that may borrow money

Creating a Sustainable Environment Essay Example for Free

Creating a Sustainable Environment Essay The terms Sustainable and Sustainability are used to describe many different approaches toward improving our way of life. Sustainability is a way to develop the environment without harming it, creating a system that keeps its self-feasible for future needs. Thus, sustainability means taking the long-term view of how our actions affect future generations and making sure we do not deplete resources or cause pollution at rates faster than the earth is able to renew them. Hence, if sustainability is enforced and took in action it will create a world where everyone can have fulfilling lives and enjoy a rich level of well-being within the limits of what nature can provide. Nowadays, there are many lifestyle trends that are rapidly damaging the environment and which are not sustainable. The main three lifestyle trends I am focusing on are; Children’s toys, entertainment focusing on cinema and pubs/clubs and office work environment. These lifestyle trends have a lot of unsustainable factors that can be changed and improved till year 2020. It is important that from a young age children will be taught the values of sustainability because they will inherit the world that we create today. Therefore, the stuff given to them should not damage the environment. Today there is the possibility to make sure that children’s playthings are green and healthy. Finding sustainable and less toxic toys for children is important since it can do well both for children and the environment. When buying toys it is important to look for PVC-free toys (polyvinyl chloride). PVC releases toxins into the environment all the way through its lifecycle from manufacturing to disposal. Many PVC toys also contain, chemical compounds that make the PVC plastic more flexible, which can lead to both cancer and hormonal disruption. Therefore, when choosing PVC-Free toys one will not only be sustainable but will prevent children from hazardous toxins. A better and safer alternative is to choose toys made from wood since, they are more sustainable and most importantly will last generations longer than the cheap plastic stuff. Batteries have become second nature in most toys today. Not only this is harmful for the environment due to massive battery consumption but also easily children can chew batteries which are toxic. Hence, one can easily replace these battery-powered toys by simpler toys which still are of an entertainment and fun. Furthermore, these would be cheaper and sustainable. However, for the older children that have more sense and always look for original and new toys which have the latest electronics, one should opt to look into rechargeable batteries to eliminate waste. Sometimes the most rewarding toy might not be a toy at all it might be the act of planting a tree, play catch or hide and seek. Getting children outside provides them with abundant opportunities to run around, have fun, get exercise, and learn about th e urban and natural environments around them. Outdoors needs to get revived again and children should be given the opportunity to play and enjoy more outdoors activities. Another way of being sustainable is by buying Second-hand toys because it does not mean that when a toy has been used once it would not be just as much fun the second time around. Thus, this will decrease the waist of toys which sometimes are hardly used or damaged, also these would be cheaper and one will be more sustainable. Additionally, for children sometimes is not whats in the box but it is the box! Sometimes it is the stuff that one already has that can prove the most fun to imaginative children. Therefore before throwing the box from that new toy away, think of it as a potential arts and crafts project instead. These factors are really important and not such difficult to practice and understand. These simple adjustments are both beneficial for children and the environment itself. Moreover, the children will be grown up in well sustainable grounding and mentality. Entertainment consists of any activity which provides a diversion or permits people to amuse themselves in their l eisure time. Entertainment may also provide fun, enjoyment and laughter. However, it is still important to be aware of a more sustainable entertainment environment. Thus, the challenge is to create good entertainment that sustains an audience and it is sustainable. Looking at the cinema industry there are so many things that go to waste that can be easily used more than once. Starting from when one arrives at the cinema each person that pays gets a ticket, why not making it a stamp on our hand to prove that we have paid therefore, this will eliminate the use of all those paper usage every day. Furthermore, when buying snacks a lot of packaging material is used, normally it would consist of paper and plastic which are all thrown away after usage since, most of them are not good to be recycled due to certain chemicals that are present. What a waste! So let’s entre a new cinema trend instead of a paper bucket or cups let’s replace them with plastic bowl and cups, which remains in the cinema to be reused. Why Plastic? Plastic is more safe, to prevent broken glass on the floor and since people themselves has to walk with them it will prevent certain accidents. This will be more sustainable due to less of waste and even less expenses since one will diminish the cost of buying so much packaging every year. Looking and the pubs/clubs sector one has no idea how unsustainable they are. From my own experience I work in this industry and therefore know a lot of what goes on. From the bar itself the amount of plastic thrown away every night is crazy. Why this? For safety purposes drinks are given in plastic cups to prevent having a lot of injuries during fights. However, these cups are not reused or recycled thus a plastic cup is only used for a couple of minutes and then thrown away. Therefore, replacing them with solid plastic cups which can be washed during the night and reused again is a better option which is more sustainable, more environmentally friendly and cheaper on the long run. Moreover, a lot of empty plastic bottles of soft drinks and glass bottles of alcohol and beers are thrown away in the same bin without recycling them, which is a pity because one only needs two separate bins to do so. Additionally a lot of paper made tickets are given when paying beforehand for parties. Yes, giving a ticket is the best way to prevent hassle and chaos when entering the club however, the size of the ticket sometimes is too much! Since, sometimes one can actually make three tickets from the size of the normal ticket that is normally given nowadays. If minimizing the size of the tickets one will decrease the amount of paper usage every night. Moreover, a lot of fliers are used to market other parties, fair enough marketing is important however, printing thousands of fliers and not even using half of them is a waist. Today, one can market their party through facebook, internet and even automatic mobile messages, this will decrease the amount of fliers printed which is more sustainable. What about noise pollution? The sound at the clubs is set at a very high volume that one cannot even talk to someone else because it will be impossible to understand one another. Noise pollution has an effect on our health, the extra sound can damage physiological and psychological health. Noise pollution can cause annoyance and aggression, hypertension, high stress levels, hearing loss, sleep disturbances, and other harmful effects. Then there are certain factors that can be adopted in both sectors, both in the cinema industry and the club/pubs environment. For example focusing on the bathrooms, automatic sensors can be fixed to switch on the light when entering and then switch off when no one is present. Even automatic water turn off devices can be installed to prevent water loss. Additionally, electric hand dryers with automatic turn-off system are good to prevent the use of disposable paper towels. Furthermore, it is good to use water pressure system to save water and energy by adding a water saving device for water taps in wash hands basins to decrease the consumption of water usage. These all are changes which can make a better sustainable environment. Increasing awareness on the work place about sustainable principles can encourage workers to implement sustainability principles into their own personal practices and beyond. There are also sustainable factors that can be adopted till 2020 in an office work environment. Such as using electronic mail to send memos, or route memos to staff members rather than making a paper copy for each person. One can use reused envelops for internal mail. Moreover, is better to do direct deposit instead of making a paycheque every time. Furthermore, it is essential to have a photo copier that makes double sided copies to minimize the amount of paper used every day. Also, cleaning shell be done within office hours rather than at other times which this would require lighting and air conditioning to remain on. It is also vital to encourage employees to bring their own washable mugs to work rather to use disposable cups. Also having a thermos for beverages is a good practice to decrease the use of energy daily. Additionally, it is better to use reusable containers rather than cover launches in plastic or disposable paper bags. It is also good to use a reusable cloth then disposable tissue every time one needs to wipe his/her hands. This will result to a better sustainable environment and less expenses since, an object is used consequently rather used once and then thrown away. These mentioned above are all practices that can be adopted in the future which can make the world more sustainable. If from now people will change their mentality and get more informed how to become more sustainable in 2020 people will be able to live a healthier life, a life where less money is spent, a life which helps build stronger relationship between them and their neighbours, and a life which helps protect, conserve or improve the natural environment. Children are the future, so teaching them sustainability is essential to the well-being of the planet. As a Home Economics and Textile studies teacher it is important to teach students that everything on this earth is related and demonstrated by their behaviours and actions that affect the environment. By teaching students the importance of sustainability, they will be empowered and be more convinced that even they are capable of making a difference. Moreover, in order to make students aware of the importance of sustainability, as a teacher I have to make them aware of the consequences of their actions and decisions taken know and the affect it would have in the future on the environment. Furthermore, it is important to teach students how their daily decisions can affect their ecological footprint so that they make more conscious decisions to boost the sustainability of their lifestyle. Home Economics gives the opportunity to the teacher to entre deeply in the topic (sustainability) therefore it gives us the opportunity to teach and show students the importance of sustainability and build more awareness and knowledge on the meaning and the term sustainability. Furthermore, as a teacher I can show students that being sustainable is not something that require a lot of work but only require some thought. Additionally, show students that we can be sustainable in everything that we do in our life, example trough textile studies I can encourage students to use recycled fabric and teach them how to sew simple things example; repair a zip, make patches to holes, these will prevent from throwing clothes away when little adjustments is required. Therefore it is essential that awareness and education will increase to enhance sustainability. Moreover, encouraging and stimulating good practice in the use and management of natural resources, in particular their minimal use and maximum reuse by recycling in an environmentally sustainable manner is a vital issue. Hence, Education is an essential tool for achieving sustainability.

East Asia Economic Community establishment Prospects Essay Example for Free

East Asia Economic Community establishment Prospects Essay Following the dynamic trends amplified by vast globalization, regional integration is becoming increasingly important throughout the globe. Since late 1940s, East Asia has been struggling to establish regional cooperation with little success. Massive differences, unrealistic demands and bureaucratic leadership has made this dream a quagmire in the horizon. However, understanding the massive benefits that other regional integrations like European Union have achieved, East Asian Countries appears to have made a clear decision to fully integrate. As indicated and amplified by the outcome of the 2007 Nikkei conference, the region has various prospects that integration is required to deliver to them after its adoption (Kent Francis, 2008, pp. 63-64). To begin with, they expect faster and improved economic growth in the region. With the region holding over 25% of the total world population globally and commanding a global Growth Domestic Product of over US $ 9 trillion, it posses a potential capacity both locally and internationally in terms of market forces of goods and services at all times. With increased technological capacity to produce high quality goods and services as indicated by China, Japan and Korea, the region looks forward to vast modernization which has been projected to surpass North America if fully and carefully implemented. As a block the region will command greater market and control to international outsourcing investors to its advantage. Therefore, like European Union, the community will act as the main negotiator for standards as well as the conditions and requirements for conducting business with other partners (Praduma, 2005, pp.14-15). To add to that, regional security will be highly boosted for the investors and the local community in the region. Since September 9/11 terrorist attack in US, South East Asia like other regions has been under great threat from terrorists. Integration therefore will ease the flow of information within the region; establish standards for goods entering the region and avail enough resources necessary for forensic diplomatic preparedness at all times. As denoted by the European Union, air, land and naval surveillance should be amply boosted thereby maintaining regional peace the whole region (Kent Francis, 2008, p. 235). Besides, regional disasters that frequent the region should be conclusively addressed. Adequate technological and financial preparedness should be established. As a result it will ease monitoring, prevention and subsequent mitigation of the possible resultant damages. To add to that, regional cultures should be greatly safeguarded to ensure that all the communities live in harmony with each other. Based on traditional philosophies and religious basements like Taoism in China, the bloc will have to carefully enshrine all the communities believes and faiths (Hua Sing Lim, 2008, pp. 25-26). Conclusion. East Asia Economic community prospects of improvement in regional economy, high level security as well as cultural diversity recognition and enhancement will ensure that the region remains focused. Leaders in the region therefore should refer to the above prospects as a uniting front for achieving the desired integration objectives in the region. This integration should therefore be hastened to ensure that speedy benefits trickle to the region. Work Cited Hua Sing Lim. Policy implications of of economic integration: East Asian community. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, 2008. Kent, Calder Francis Fukuyama. East Asian Multilateralism: Prospects for Regional Stability. John Hopkin press: Baltimore, 2008. Praduma, Rana. Economic Integration in East Asia: Trends, Prospects and possible road map. 2005. Retrieved from: http://www. ris. org. in/china_pradumna_rana. pdf.

Difference between monetary and fiscal policy essay

Difference between monetary and fiscal policy essay Describe the difference between monetary and fiscal policy in the UK and explain how such policies can be used to achieve different macroeconomic government objectives. The main and most obvious difference between monetary and fiscal policy is that monetary policy is set by the central bank and fiscal policy is implemented by the government. In the case of the UK, monetary policy is decided upon by the Bank of England which since 1997 has been independent from the government. It would be worth considering the two types of economic policy in more detail now before turning to look at how they can be used to help meet macroeconomic government objectives. Monetary policy is the attempt to control macroeconomic variables through the setting of interest rates. It is a rather blunt policy tool as its effects can be felt throughout the economy as a whole. By changing interest rates, the Bank of England is trying to influence the overall expenditure in the economy as well as controlling inflation. Reducing interest rates makes borrowing the more attractive alternative to saving which then leads to more spending in the economy. Lowering interest rates can also make assets such as property increase in value which also leads to more spending as homeowners extend mortgages and consume more. By cutting interest rates, it is hoped that this increased spending feeds through to output and then to employment. Increasing interest rates on the other hand, has the opposite effect by making saving more attractive than spending and therefore overall spending in the economy is reduced. Fiscal policy is controlled by central government. It can be defined as, â€Å"a governments program with respect to (1) the purchase of goods and services and spending on transfer payments, and (2) the amount and type of tax† (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 1998). It involved the government changing levels of taxation and spending in order to influence the level of aggregate demand (AD). The purpose of fiscal policy is to reduce inflation, stimulate economic growth and to stabilise this growth and avoid periods of ‘boom and bust which characterised the economy during the 1980s and early 1990s. If monetary policy is described as a blunt instrument then fiscal policy is a precision tool that can target particular sectors of the economy and population in order to achieve the desired economic changes. Both these different types of policy are working towards achieving different macroeconomic objectives. It would be worth looking at these in greater detail now. There are four major macroeconomic objectives that any economic policy should be working to achieve. These are full employment; price stability; sustainable economic growth and; keeping the Balance of Payments in equilibrium. These four different objectives compete with each other and all achieve different levels of importance depending on the priorities of the government. During the 1960s, the Balance of Payments took centre stage. This was before the global economy made operating with a deficit a viable and sustainable option. Nowadays most governments operate with a budget deficit and the balance of Payments is no longer seen as a top priority for the government. In 2007/2008 the UK government showed a deficit of  £38.7 billion which is around 2.7% of gross domestic product (GDP). The general government debt is around  £614.4 billion which is around 43.2% of GDP (ONS, 2008). In the 1960s such levels of debt would be unthinkable but now they are just part of a global reality. In order to implement social programs and fulfil spending promises, the government is forced to borrow from global institutions. This has become a global reality. These current times of economic uncertainty only increases the amount of borrowing by governments all over the world. Full employment enjoyed similar prominence in the period after the war until the 1980s. Full employment meant that more people were contributing to the economy both in terms of output and through taxation. It also meant that the government had to spend less on social programs. This full employment was aided by a largely industrial economy which started to decline in the 1980s. Thatcher wanted to restructure the economy to make it more efficient and move it away from its industrial base. Full employment is still an important objective and it is one that is gaining prevalence again but during this current recession it isnt a realistic prospect. The current rate of employment stands at 74.1% (ONS, 2009) which is a slight decrease on the previous year. However, as the recession deepens, it is expected that this number will fall even further. Perhaps the most two important objectives for the government at present are sustained economic growth and price stability by keeping inflation low. The government is trying to foster sustainable growth in the economy which means growth without inflation. However, the past year has seen the UK economy slip in to a recession, making any sort of growth impossible. During this recession the level of inflation has fallen but this has not translated into economic growth. It was hoped that that low inflation would mean that spending would increase. However, the current economic climate has seen prices fall so much that consumers are now waiting to see if prices fall even further before spending (Monaghan, 2009). This essay will now turn to look at how the use of monetary and fiscal policy can be used to achieve these macroeconomic objectives. Perhaps one of the most significant changes that the current government introduced was giving the Bank of England independence when it comes to setting interest rates. Before the government was dictating both monetary policy and fiscal policy. The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is now tasked with maintaining price stability and also supporting the government in meeting its objectives for growth and employment (Budd, 1998). The government still sets the goals of monetary policy but it is up to the Bank of England to decide how best to achieve this through. The independence of the central bank is considered important for a number of reasons. Firstly, politicians are not experts when it comes to monetary policymaking. Secondly, central banks are more likely to have the interest of the country at heart rather than politicians who may be motivated by implementing populist policies for the sake of winning votes. Thirdly, politicians are unlikely to want to keep to monetary policies when t hey have adverse affects like high unemployment, although this wasnt the case with Thatcher. The final argument for having an independent central bank is that countries that have them tend to have lower levels of inflation (Alensina and Gatti, 1995). This essay will now look at how the MPC goes about meeting its objective of maintaining price stability. The present recession has forced the committee to consider radical solutions to the unique problems that the economy is facing. For the past year, the bank has cut interest rates on six consecutive occasions to the current record low of 0.5%. It was hoped that cutting interest rates to this level would stimulate spending in the economy and that this would translate to economic growth and would keep inflation at the. However, this has not happened because the banks have stopped lending the money usually required to facilitate the spending. This has forced the Bank of England to consider other options. One such measure introduced in the past month was quantitative easing. This idea is the equivalent of printing up large amounts of money, in the case of the UK it is estimated to be about  £75 billion, and throwing it out of a helicopter so that the people below could pick it up and spend it (Elliot, 2009). This is a rather simplistic view of what the Bank of England is trying to achieve. This  £75 billion will be used to buy government bonds and corporate debt over the next three months. By exchanging these bonds for cash that the bank has printed, it is hoped that this will increase the flow of money in the economy. With more cash, banks should start lending once again to other banks, businesses, and customers. This will increase spending in the economy which will lead to economic growth. However, the success of this measure rests on whether customers still want to borrow. The popular conception amongst the public is that we are in this position because we borrowed way above our means. It remains to be seen if once credit is made available again b y banks whether people will take it up again. If they dont, then the banks will be awash with money that will be doing nothing and this will not lead to economic growth but rather to inflation. The Bank of England has to achieve a fine balance. It has to provide enough money to banks to encourage them to lend again at competitive rates but it also has to make sure that there isnt a surplus of money that will send inflation out of control (Kollewe, 2009). Beyond cutting interest rates and printing there is little more that monetary policy can offer to delivering macroeconomic objectives. This essay will now look at how fiscal policy delivers macroeconomic objectives. Fiscal policy can be more fine tuned to target particular sectors of the economy and the population. It does not take the rather blanket approach taken by monetary policy. Perhaps the most effective fiscal policy to achieving macroeconomic objectives is through borrowing and taxation. For example, the government recently cut the lower starting rate of income tax. This encourages people on lower incomes to work more hours because they will be able to keep more of what they earn. This they can either spend or save, based on the level of inflation that is determined by monetary policy. Another measure introduced last year by the government was the 2.5% reduction of the rate of VAT. This was introduced at the end of last year as a way of boosting spending, especially in the run up to the busy Christmas period. However, this has not had the desired effect on household spending which is at its lowest level since 1991 (ONS, 2009). It could be argued that fiscal policy is not as much use as monetary policy to meeting macroeconomic objectives at the present time. The government is trying to stimulate spending in the economy by borrowing more money in order to fund tax cuts and increased spending in social programs. However, the effect of this may be that people are realising that they may face a higher tax burden in the future because of this increased spending and so are saving more in anticipation of this. The government is presently pumping money into sectors of the economy that provide large numbers of jobs. For example, it has just stated that it is prepared to make up to  £2.3 billion available to car manufacturers. The Business Minister, Ian Pearson, stated that this level of investment was necessary to, â€Å"ensuring the industry comes out of the current downturn with the skills and technology needed to be competitive in the global automotive market†. However, the success of this initiative again rests with the consumer. Will they want to borrow to finance things such as cars in the future? The car industry may be facing a downturn that will not recover after the recession. Because the economy is at present shrinking it means that the government is not getting as much income from tax revenues because less people are in work and those working arent getting as much. Welfare spending has had to increase to make sure that the standard of living does not fall in the UK. Those who have lost their jobs as a result of the recession have to be provided for by the state. All of this contributes to a much larger deficit which doesnt fit in with meeting macroeconomic objectives. With the global economic situation seemingly changing on an almost daily basis, it is hard to judge just how effective monetary and fiscal policies are in meeting macroeconomic objectives. It is also hard to judge which is the most effective way of delivering these objectives. This essay would argue that both policies are fairly weak at the moment. In order for monetary policy to work, it requires people to have the confidence to spend knowing that money is always going to be available to them. This could be just a person buying goods in the high street or a business buying services from another business. It would seem that UK consumers are willing to hold on to large quantities of money, even though the central bank has lowered interest rates to such an extent that it makes saving a very unattractive option. Consumer confidence is low, and when it is low people tend to hold on to their money rather than borrowing more. It remains to see just how effective this quantitative easing wi ll be. In many ways it seems that fiscal policy is working against monetary policy at present in achieving macroeconomic objectives. While on the surface it seems logical for the government to be borrowing big in order to fund tax cuts and create jobs, many people see this borrowing as storing up problems for the future because all this borrowed money will have to be repaid at some point. This means that people are saving more instead of spending which the government wants us to do to meet the objective of growth in the economy. In a growing, sustainable economy, both monetary and fiscal policy should serve to benefit each other and they should work for each other in achieving macroeconomic objectives. In a receding economy such as is being witnessed in the UK, there needs to be a delicate balance struck between the two. It would seem that this balance has yet to be achieved and at present they are fighting against each other. Bibliography and References: Alensina, A. and Gatti, R. (1995). How independent should central banks be?, The American Economic Review, 85(2), 196-200. Budd, A. (1998). The Role and Operations of the Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee, The Economic Journal, 108(451), 1783-1794. Dunkley, J. (2009). UK given approval for  £2.3bn auto bail-out, The Telegraph, 28 Feb. Elliot, L. (2009). Quantitative Easing, The Guardian, 8 January. Monaghan, A. (2009). UK inflation falls to lowest in lowest in almost 50 years, The Telegraph, 17 Feb. Kollewe, J. (2009). Bank of England cuts rates to 0.5% and starts quantitative easing, The Guardian, 5 March. Moore, E. and Warwick-Ching, L. (2009). Rate cut brings more misery to savers, The Financial Times, 5 March. Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2008). UK Government Debt and Deficit [online] Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?ID=277 [Date accessed: 10 March 2009] Office for National Statistics (ONS) (2009). Employment [online] Available from: http://www.statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?ID=12 [Date accessed: 10 March 2009]

How Do Fake IDs Assist In The Corruption Of Minors :: essays research papers

How do fake IDs assist in illegal activity in underage minors? We think that with the use of fake IDs, minors are able to obtain things they would not be able to get without a fake id, thus increasing the use of alcohol (going to bars), and underage smoking. It also increases other things that minors would not be able to do, such as get into over 18 clubs, R rated movies, buy spraypaint and weaponry such as boxcutters. The problems of the underage youth using fake IDs to buy substances, and do things that they would normally not be able to do without the use of a fake ID, is an age old problem. With the help of computers and scanners, making fake IDs is simple, and the results are usually high quality.1 Computer technology offers rich possibilities for fraud. A document scanner can "read" a picture and "draw" a copy onto the memory of the computer. Laser techniques are used to convert the image to digital data. A copying machine developed by Xerox for the Department of Defense as a tool in high-speed map making can also make good copies of driver's licenses. It is also possible to rearrange images on a computer. Document scanners and fast color printers make it easy to fake images and documents. Through digital retouching, computer-generated images can be combined in new ways, unwanted images can be deleted (such as UNDER 21 written on a license), and colors and fonts can be added and changed. What is usually changed on a fake ID used by a teenager is the birthday, thus making the person older then they are. Although many states offer ID cards with holograms, double pictures of the person, and other features that thwart alterations and reproduction of the ID cards, the use of fraudulent identification is increasing in the United States.2 Obtaining ID cards is incredibly easy for an underage teenager. They can be obtained from older siblings, friends, and relatives. Another thing that underage people do is buy a friend's ID who is over the age of 18 or 21, and have them report it stolen. In addition to that, there are stores where you can go to buy fake IDs. On the web, you can just type in www.fake-id.org and you have access to buy fake IDs. When buying a fake id, the store or webpage usually has a disclaimer saying they will not be held liable for your actions, and that the ID is a "novelty card". Before entering most "how to make/buy fake

Isengard Biography :: essays research papers

ISENGARD Biography Isengard was formed during October 2002 by the two guitarists Ramy Sidky and Wael Sameh †¦Their aim was to create and develop artful and innovative melodic music . After a short period of time , the bassist Abdalla , who had been jamming with the guitarist Ramy Sidky for a long time , joined the band . Then an intensive seek for a drummer and a vocalist took place by the band members until the drummer Ahmed Abdelsalam joined the band . Knowing that power metal vocalists are rare species! The vocalist Yehia Khamees joined the band after a long search for one †¦ The band was completed then , and started working on some covers for Iron Maiden , Iced Earth and Manowar (these great bands are our heroes and teachers!) . No originals were done at this period . After nearly a month , the drummer Abdelsalam left the band as he was totally uninterested in this music . The band then had to look for another drummer quickly , as we were in a stage of growth †¦During this time , Foad Ahmed was appointed as an organizer for the band . This period was a period of inactivity for the band , as the band stopped jamming and rehearsing for a long time , especially when the bassist Abdalla left the band . That period was so bad for the band and the rest of the band members (Ramy Sidky , Wael Sameh , Yehia Khamees and Foad Ahmed) started looking for a bassist and a drummer . Many bassists and drummers were tried during this period and none of them was fixed in the band line-up †¦At that time , no new covers were done and the band was in a state of inactivity and just concentrated on getting a bassist and a drummer . Continuous search took place , until the drummer Moataz Rashad , who had also been jamming with the guitarist Ramy Sidky for a long time , was added to the band . After a very short period of time , the bassist Tarek , who played in Nemesis , joined the band †¦ This created a sort of ambition and enthusiasm for the band members , which lead to intensive

The Days of the Bomb :: Essays Papers

The Days of the Bomb The main goal of the Pacific War was to stop the Japanese from getting out of control. The U.S. government needed to send a message that Japan cannot be allowed to carry out their military imperialism. By 1945, the War in the Pacific was turning quickly to the United States’ favor. The United States Army was island hopping, taking each island and moving on to the next, toward the Japanese mainland. However, the Japanese refused surrender. They withstood each attack and refused to run until fully defeated. Although, the United States Army was relentlessly and inevitably moving towards the Japanese mainland, the Army was still losing troops and equipment. Army officials estimated it would take until the fall of the following year to reach the main island of Japan. In that time, several hundred thousand lives would be lost on both sides. The Japanese were showing absolutely no sign of surrender. The United States had to do something drastic to end the war. They had just one optio n: the atomic bomb. An experiment had been conducted in New Mexico involving the harnessing of the power of the atom. This device would be used in the bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki as the United States’ chance to end World War II quickly. The decision to drop the bomb on Hiroshima came directly from then President Harry S Truman. Additional American lives were lost each day. However, Truman knew about the successful testing of the atomic bomb. On the advice of his cabinet, he decided that the bomb was to be used as soon as humanly possible. The whole idea of the atomic bomb was to use it solely as a military weapon, just as any gun or grenade. Truman knew that unleashing the power of atomic energy in the form of a weapon would have serious consequences on the entire world. However, looking at the outcome of war, there was no doubt that World War II was already having that affect on the globe. The bomb was just part of the whole war. Truman, in his memoirs, even said, "I regarded the bomb as a military weapon and never had any doubt that it should be used."1 Any effects of the bomb would just be casualties of war. Winston Churchill, Prime Minister of Great Britain, also saw the bomb as the only way to end the war.

She Walks in Beauty

George Gordon Byron was a well known romantic poet in the 19th century, a passionate womanizer as well as a hero in Greece. He was born in London in 1788, and became a Lord in 1798 when he inherited the title and the estate from his great-uncle (Gamber). Thus he became the well known Lord Byron. Several months before meeting his first wife, Lord Byron attended a party at Lady Sitwell's at June 1814 (Gamber). Mrs. Wilmot, Lord Byron’s beautiful cousin, attended the party in a black mourning dress. The poet became captivated by his cousin’s alluring beauty; her fair face contrasting with her dark hair and dress. Inspired by the opposing shades that created such an attractive woman, he wrote a poem about her in 1814 (Gamber). In Lord Byron’s â€Å"She Walks in Beauty,† motifs, personification and imagery express the theme that the combining of light and dark reflect a perfect inner and outer beauty. Lord Byron connects two pairs of motifs in â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† to establish the theme. One motif is dark and light while the other is inner and outer beauty. Throughout the poem he combines the negative and positive things of a woman and creates a perfect whole (â€Å"Lord†). â€Å"She walks in beauty, like the night/ Of cloudless climes and starry skies;†(1-2) These first two lines combine night with stars to illustrate that without stars the night would be a black void, but together, they illustrate a shimmering sky. â€Å"And all that’s best of dark and bright/ Meet in her aspect and her eyes:/ Thus mellow’d to that tender light†(3-5) Here two opposing forces meet in this woman to create a mellowed whole (â€Å"She†). This ties back to the theme because the inner and outer beauty of the woman act as positive reflections of each other as the outcome of the balance in between dark and light. â€Å"The smiles that win, the tints that glow. † (15) The woman has a tender aspect and a glowing smile, both of which are attractive outer beauties. â€Å"A mind at peace with all below,/ A heart whose love is innocent! † (17-18) Byron describes her as having a peaceful mind and virtuous heart, meaning her conscience is also perfect. The woman’s entire being is perfect because of the proportion between the dark and light meeting in her (â€Å"Analysis†). Byron states that if she had â€Å"One shade the more, one ray the less,† (7) she would be half as splendid. Together good and bad become tender, and both the body and soul of this woman reflect this tenderness. Personification creates a romantic image of the woman’s physical and mental figure to accent the effects of the bond of dark and light. Byron uses this to emphasize that the woman is only so beautiful because of this bond, as said in the theme. Byron first personifies Heaven by giving it the attribute to deny something. â€Å"Thus mellow’d to that tender light/Which heaven to gaudy day denies. (5-6) The personification of heaven shows that her beauty has a â€Å"tender light† that is unlike daytime —which is flashy—but so tender that heaven denies daytime the honor of having (â€Å"She†). This connects to the theme because the woman is only tender because light and bright meet in her. Byron then personifies her thoughts by giv ing them the ability to express to show how gentle the woman is (Cummings). â€Å"Where thoughts serenely sweet express†(11) The following line states that her thought’s home is pure and dear. â€Å"How pure, how dear their dwelling-place. (12) Since thoughts are not physical and cannot have a literal â€Å"dwelling-place† Byron uses personification to stress her virtuousness (Cummings). This can be tied to the theme because the previous lines implement the balance of shades and rays which are followed by the personification of her pure mind. Her pure mind is something inside her that cannot be seen; it is an inner beauty. â€Å"The smiles that win, the tints that glow,/But tell of days in goodness spent,† (15-16) Her smiles win over people’s hearts but reflect good morality. Smiles cannot speak, so Byron personifies them with the ability to â€Å"tell† of how good the woman is. A smile is an outer beauty, a mind is an inner beauty, and this connects with the theme regarding the fact that her inner and outer beauty are in a perfect pair. Lord Byron captures the radical difference of illumination and shade with imagery. He also describes the woman’s appearance with this literary device. In the first line, Byron creates an obscure vision for the reader. â€Å"She walks in beauty, like the night. †(1) Night is black and somber, and this line is used to make the feel reader insecure and unsure. However, in the next line, Byron introduces the radiance of stars, which perfects the image of the woman’s likeness to the night (â€Å"She†). â€Å"Of cloudless climes and starry skies;†(2) Without the introduction of stars into the black night, the woman would be incomplete. This ties back to the theme because the woman’s beauty is complete because she is not only obscure but also radiant. Byron uses imagery to describe the woman’s fair skin in contrast with her raven colored hair to visually show how beautiful dark and light can be together. â€Å"One shade the more, one ray the less,/Had half impair’d the nameless grace/ Which waves in ever raven ress/Or softly lightens o’er her face;† (7-10) He states that if anything changed, if the woman had more light or more darkness in her, she wouldn’t be as splendid. This stresses the theme in the sense that the woman has the perfect amount of each contrasting force (â€Å"Analysis†). In the last stanza Byron positively uses imagery to illustrate the woman’s face. â€Å"And so on that cheek, and o’er that brow,/So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,† (13-14) The woman’s face is not only delicate but also dazzling. Byron finalizes all the sums of dark and bright to finally show the overall product—A beautiful woman, in and out. Through motifs, personification and imagery, Lord Byron establishes that with the combination of light and dark, a woman attains a perfect inner and outer beauty. The two motifs in his poem are dark and light as well as inner and outer beauty. Byron uses personification to develop the woman’s physical and mental attributes. Imagery is used as a visual aid for the readers to imagine the woman’s beauty. Throughout the poem he stresses that the good and bad things of a woman is what makes her perfect. The woman’s beauty is a reflection of her pure ways, which only exist because of the balance of light and dark in her. She Walks in Beauty George Gordon Byron was a well known romantic poet in the 19th century, a passionate womanizer as well as a hero in Greece. He was born in London in 1788, and became a Lord in 1798 when he inherited the title and the estate from his great-uncle (Gamber). Thus he became the well known Lord Byron. Several months before meeting his first wife, Lord Byron attended a party at Lady Sitwell's at June 1814 (Gamber). Mrs. Wilmot, Lord Byron’s beautiful cousin, attended the party in a black mourning dress. The poet became captivated by his cousin’s alluring beauty; her fair face contrasting with her dark hair and dress. Inspired by the opposing shades that created such an attractive woman, he wrote a poem about her in 1814 (Gamber). In Lord Byron’s â€Å"She Walks in Beauty,† motifs, personification and imagery express the theme that the combining of light and dark reflect a perfect inner and outer beauty. Lord Byron connects two pairs of motifs in â€Å"She Walks in Beauty† to establish the theme. One motif is dark and light while the other is inner and outer beauty. Throughout the poem he combines the negative and positive things of a woman and creates a perfect whole (â€Å"Lord†). â€Å"She walks in beauty, like the night/ Of cloudless climes and starry skies;†(1-2) These first two lines combine night with stars to illustrate that without stars the night would be a black void, but together, they illustrate a shimmering sky. â€Å"And all that’s best of dark and bright/ Meet in her aspect and her eyes:/ Thus mellow’d to that tender light†(3-5) Here two opposing forces meet in this woman to create a mellowed whole (â€Å"She†). This ties back to the theme because the inner and outer beauty of the woman act as positive reflections of each other as the outcome of the balance in between dark and light. â€Å"The smiles that win, the tints that glow. † (15) The woman has a tender aspect and a glowing smile, both of which are attractive outer beauties. â€Å"A mind at peace with all below,/ A heart whose love is innocent! † (17-18) Byron describes her as having a peaceful mind and virtuous heart, meaning her conscience is also perfect. The woman’s entire being is perfect because of the proportion between the dark and light meeting in her (â€Å"Analysis†). Byron states that if she had â€Å"One shade the more, one ray the less,† (7) she would be half as splendid. Together good and bad become tender, and both the body and soul of this woman reflect this tenderness. Personification creates a romantic image of the woman’s physical and mental figure to accent the effects of the bond of dark and light. Byron uses this to emphasize that the woman is only so beautiful because of this bond, as said in the theme. Byron first personifies Heaven by giving it the attribute to deny something. â€Å"Thus mellow’d to that tender light/Which heaven to gaudy day denies. (5-6) The personification of heaven shows that her beauty has a â€Å"tender light† that is unlike daytime —which is flashy—but so tender that heaven denies daytime the honor of having (â€Å"She†). This connects to the theme because the woman is only tender because light and bright meet in her. Byron then personifies her thoughts by giv ing them the ability to express to show how gentle the woman is (Cummings). â€Å"Where thoughts serenely sweet express†(11) The following line states that her thought’s home is pure and dear. â€Å"How pure, how dear their dwelling-place. (12) Since thoughts are not physical and cannot have a literal â€Å"dwelling-place† Byron uses personification to stress her virtuousness (Cummings). This can be tied to the theme because the previous lines implement the balance of shades and rays which are followed by the personification of her pure mind. Her pure mind is something inside her that cannot be seen; it is an inner beauty. â€Å"The smiles that win, the tints that glow,/But tell of days in goodness spent,† (15-16) Her smiles win over people’s hearts but reflect good morality. Smiles cannot speak, so Byron personifies them with the ability to â€Å"tell† of how good the woman is. A smile is an outer beauty, a mind is an inner beauty, and this connects with the theme regarding the fact that her inner and outer beauty are in a perfect pair. Lord Byron captures the radical difference of illumination and shade with imagery. He also describes the woman’s appearance with this literary device. In the first line, Byron creates an obscure vision for the reader. â€Å"She walks in beauty, like the night. †(1) Night is black and somber, and this line is used to make the feel reader insecure and unsure. However, in the next line, Byron introduces the radiance of stars, which perfects the image of the woman’s likeness to the night (â€Å"She†). â€Å"Of cloudless climes and starry skies;†(2) Without the introduction of stars into the black night, the woman would be incomplete. This ties back to the theme because the woman’s beauty is complete because she is not only obscure but also radiant. Byron uses imagery to describe the woman’s fair skin in contrast with her raven colored hair to visually show how beautiful dark and light can be together. â€Å"One shade the more, one ray the less,/Had half impair’d the nameless grace/ Which waves in ever raven ress/Or softly lightens o’er her face;† (7-10) He states that if anything changed, if the woman had more light or more darkness in her, she wouldn’t be as splendid. This stresses the theme in the sense that the woman has the perfect amount of each contrasting force (â€Å"Analysis†). In the last stanza Byron positively uses imagery to illustrate the woman’s face. â€Å"And so on that cheek, and o’er that brow,/So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,† (13-14) The woman’s face is not only delicate but also dazzling. Byron finalizes all the sums of dark and bright to finally show the overall product—A beautiful woman, in and out. Through motifs, personification and imagery, Lord Byron establishes that with the combination of light and dark, a woman attains a perfect inner and outer beauty. The two motifs in his poem are dark and light as well as inner and outer beauty. Byron uses personification to develop the woman’s physical and mental attributes. Imagery is used as a visual aid for the readers to imagine the woman’s beauty. Throughout the poem he stresses that the good and bad things of a woman is what makes her perfect. The woman’s beauty is a reflection of her pure ways, which only exist because of the balance of light and dark in her.